CFRL
News No. 27 (2001. 8. 10)
常温核融合研究所 小島英夫
E-mail address; cf-lab.kozima@pdx.edu
Webpage; http://web.pdx.edu/~pdx00210/
www.mars.dti.ne.jp/~kunihito/cf-lab/index.html
CFRL News (Cold Fusion Research Laboratory News) No. 27 をお届けします。
第27
号では、
1) New Paper appeared in Fusion Science and Technology
2) T.
Chubb, Report of DOE Public Meeting, Washington D.C. June 26, 2001
3) INE
Symposium October 26-27, 2001, Salt
Lake City, Utah, USA のAnnouncement
4) RCCNT9 September 30 – October 7, 2001 Dagomys,
Sochi, RussiaのAnnouncement
を掲載しました
1 新しい論文が Journal FSTに掲載されました.
H. Kozima, M.
Ohta, M. Fujii, K. Arai and H. Kudoh, “Possible Explanation of 4He Production in a Pd/D2
System by the TNCF Model” Fusion Science and Technology, 40, 86-90 (2001)
イタリアでのすぐれた実験結果のわれわれの解析としては、Il Nuovo Cimentoに掲載された中性子のエネルギースペクトルを解析したものに次ぐ論文です。別刷りは後一月くらいかかりそうですが、雑誌は研究機関で見られると思います。
2.
Public Meeting of DOE on
June 26 at Washington DC.
Report by Talbot Chubb
アメリカのエネルギー省(DOE)の公聴会の様子を、出席したT. Chubbに報告してもらいました。公聴会の性格から、ただ聞き置くという程度のもののようですが、全体の流れが常温核融合から遠く離れていることは知ることが出来ます。前号のR. Smithの報告と併せてお読みください。なお、紙面の都合で、書面発表の報告IIはWebsite版にだけ掲載しました。(””内の文章がChubbの原文です。)
ワシントンのヒルトンホテルthe Washington Hiltonで6月26日に7回目の公聴会( Atlanta, Chicago, Boston, Seattle, Denver, Philadelphia and Washington.)
が開かれました。タルボットによると、これはまさしく公聴会で、議論する場ではなかったようです。“It was not like a scientific presentation meeting. Instead it was like a hearing. It was in an auditorium. In the front of the auditorium was a long dais behind which
sat up to 5 officials of DOE, maybe all from the Office of Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy (EERE).
Facing these officials was a podium from which presenters made their
5-minute prepared statements. On
the right side of the dais were 2 people, one of which was a court stenographer. There were 2 persons also on the left
side, but I don't know their function.
I guess it was like a court.
The DOE officials changed during the course of the day. They were always very attentive and
courteous.”
“The presentations began at 9:00, with
the first hour of presentations by public officials rather than the general
public. --------- Many of the speakers seem to have had past contact with
DOE. Many of them talked about
programs that had been jointly funded by DOE and industry. A considerable number of speakers were
from industry associations. There
were also talks from social advocate groups like Greenpeace and the Sierra
Club.
The statements covered a wide range of
activity, such as, energy efficient lighting, wind power, photovoltaic,
concentrated solar power, hydrogen and methane fueled vehicles, fuel cells,
insulation, thermally efficient window glass, support of inventions, Indian
reservations with energy programs, etc.
Most
of the statements were supportive of DOE's renewables program. The social advocates were largely
critical of the Bush emphasis on energy supply rather than conservation. Most speakers appeared on schedule,
gave their statements, and left, presumably to return to their regular jobs.”
“Cold fusion was mentioned only once,
other than by me, in the about 6 hours I was there.”
“In addition to the verbal
statements made, the DOE EERE Office accepted written statements limited to 4
pages. I have e-mailed a statement
to DOE, which is appended to this letter.”
“What are the prospects? I don't think the Public Meetings will
have much impact. Maybe all the
material will be included in some DOE document. If so, it might be something that could be referenced. It seems unlikely that might brief
statement will have an impact. However, there was total quiet while I
spoke. One scatters the seed,
maybe somewhere a tree will grow.
I am glad that Scott talked me into attending the meeting.”
Talbot
Chubb
次ぎに、Talbotが書いてくれた、当日の口頭発表の要旨を全文掲載します。
I. Oral
Presentation (given at the Meeting)
“It is my view that
DOE's Hydrogen Program has missed an important opportunity for developing new
national energy supply. It has
failed to properly consider the large amount of nuclear energy available in
mass-2 hydrogen. In 1989 Professors
Fleischmann and Pons presented evidence that this nuclear energy could be
tapped using chemical techniques.
When tapped in this way, the energy is made available without the
dangerous radiation accompanying normal nuclear power generation.
Since
1989 a struggling cold fusion community has continued to do research. It has confirmed the original
Fleischmann and Pons claims, developed methods that more reliably liberate the
nuclear heat, and have quantitatively identified the nuclear reaction product. The nuclear reaction product is helium
gas, which is already present in air at about 5 parts per million
concentrations. The researchers
have also identified 2 rare side products that are unique signatures of a
nuclear process. In another study
they have shown that the nuclear heat can be produced at elevated temperature
in a controllable manner.
DOE's
future Hydrogen Program should include work on this chemically induced nuclear
energy. Mass-2 hydrogen is called
deuterium. DOE should start a new program
by first requesting the National Academy of Sciences to evaluate the recent
results on radiationless deuterium fusion.(*) I have sent DOE a list with key
references. DOE should then
sponsor continuing work in this area.
Vice
President Cheney's National Energy Policy Report states that U.S. conventional
production of natural gas is projected to begin declining as early as
2015. The goal of the DOE program
should be to develop the technology that makes it practical for radiationless
deuterium fusion heat to start replacing natural gas in residential heating
before this decline in natural gas production begins.
Talbot Chubb
Fellow, American
Physical Society
Presentation to DOE
on 26 June 2001”
(*)
Mechanisms to explain simultaneous generation of 4He and the excess
heat Q.
このニュースNo.25の2)でも説明しましたが 4Heの量と過剰熱の量の関係から、単純にd−d融合反応が起っていると結論することは誤りであることを、ここでもう一度説明しておきます。次の三つの核反応を考えます:
d
+ d → 4He + Q1
(1)
n
+ d → t (7.0 keV) +Q’
(2)
t
+ d → 4He + n
+ Q”
(3)
ここで Q1
= 23.82 MeV (lattice), Q’ = 6.25 MeV (γ), Q” = 17.6 MeVです。
Eqs.(2) と (3) を加え合わせるとQ2 =
Q’ + Q” = 6.26 + 17.6η と置いて、次の式が得られます;
d
+ηd + (n +ηt) →η4He + Q2 + (ηn + t).
(4)
もし、数因子η を1ととれば、Q2 = 23.8 MeV (for η=1)となり、このとき式(4)は式(1)と基本的に同じことを表していることは、式(4)の両辺の同じ項に目をつぶる(測定しない)と分かります。
したがって、4Heの量と過剰熱の量の関係からは、(a) 直接の d-d 融合反応 (1) が起っているのか、 (b) 捕獲中性子触媒(TNCF)機構(2) と(3) が起っているのかは、区別できません。
ここで、(a) と (b)に共通の問題点を指摘しておけば、なぜ Q1 と Q2が系の熱エネルギーとして観測されて、通常の自由空間における核反応のようにガンマ線放射が起こらないのかということです。このことのTNCFモデルでの説明は、何度か述べましたが、中性子滴の核との相互作用でエネルギー緩和の新しいチャネルができるだろうということです。
各機構に固有な問題点は、(a) 反応(1)の確率がなぜ大きくなるのか(多くの理論家がそんなことはありえないと批判しているのに)、(b) 反応 (2) と (3)の割合がなぜ等しいのか, i.e. η= 1、ということになるでしょう。もっとも、後者は必ずしも等しい必要はないので、0.5-1の間の数値ならば、実験結果の誤差範囲に入ると思われます。その場合は、トリチウムが測定されることになり、ある種の実験には好都合です。
そう言うわけで、実験結果の解釈は、その存在を全面否定するCFPの否定論者を含め、軽率には出来ないことです。(小島英夫)
“These comments are
directed at DOE's "Hydrogen Program", and, in particular, towards any
portion of the research and development effort directed towards augmenting
national energy supply.
It is important that the future
research and development portion of the Hydrogen Program include study of
systems, which explore heat production by chemically-induced nuclear fusion of
deuterium atoms.(*)
This type of heat generation was reported by Fleischmann and Pons in
1989, and subsequently confirmed in key experiments during the 1989 to 2000
period. The nuclear reaction
product has been shown to be helium-4, which is totally benign and present in
room air at a concentration of ~5 ppm.
The reaction energy is ~ 24 MeV per He atom, (~ 2.3 million MJ/mol of
reaction product). The fuel resource base is inexhaustible on the human time
scale. The future energy cost is likely to be less than the cost of energy
produced by burning natural gas. Although the reaction is a nuclear reaction,
no radiation has been detected accompanying heat generation.
DOE in its current and past
programs has failed to correctly evaluate the potential of radiationless
deuterium fusion to contribute to the future national energy supply.
A list of experiments and
references that clearly demonstrate the reality of chemically induced deuterium
fusion with the creation of helium-4 is provided at the end of these comments.
Six steps are recommended in
order to accelerate research in chemically induced radiationless deuterium
fusion(*) (deuterium-based cold fusion):
1) Most important. Get the National Academy of Science to review the key experimental studies on radiationless deuterium fusion that are listed in these comments.
2) Add to the
current SRI research effort on radiationless deuterium fusion. The McKubre and Tanzella program at SRI
has been very successful. It is
the only US government supported program.
3) Reconstitute the
Liaw and Liebert U. Hawaii molten salt electrolysis cold fusion program that
was active in 1990. (Liaw and Liebert used different technology than that used
by the SRI team)
4) Support
exploratory radiationless deuterium fusion experiments based on surface-gas
interface interactions, deuterium surface diffusion, and energized atom/ion
metal surface excitations.
5) Support theory
studies in the area of hydrogen-in-metals, coherent quantum-delocalized
hydrogen systems, and Bose-Einstein-condensate atom systems, so as to better
understand the many-body physics responsible for radiationless nuclear
reaction.
6) Support one of more additional independent groups studying the radiationless deuterium process using methods similar to or paralleling those used in the SRI and/or the U. Hawaii programs.
List
of Experiments Demonstrating d-d
Cold Fusion in Metal
Since
the initial announcement of the Fleischmann-Pons effect[1] there has been
substantial laboratory progress in establishing the reality of excess heat
produced by radiationless d-d nuclear reaction(*) in the
deuterium-palladium system.
Selected experimental achievements are listed below.
1.
Increasingly clear observations of excess heat in heavy water electrolysis
experiments using palladium cathodes.
Early work is well summarized in Charles Beaudette's new book [2], "Excess Heat & Why Cold Fusion
Research Has Prevailed", (Oak Press, LLC, South Bristol , Maine, USA, 2000). (1989-1991)
2.
Fleischmann and Pons discovery of hours-long heat production in Pd cathodes
after electrolysis turn-off [3].
This phenomenon is called "heat after death". (1993)
3. Mass spectrometer observations of helium-4 in the electrolysis off-gas in experiments by Miles [4], B. Bush, McKubre, and Tanzella [5]. Results were presented by McKubre at the Western Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Ontario, California in October 1999, and also at the ICCF8 Meeting in Lerici, Italy in May 2000. Observed helium was quantitatively measured and shown to have been produced at rate of 1 helium atom per 24 MeV of released heat.(1993, 1999)
4.
Arata and Zhang development of the DS-cathode [6], which has produced watts of
excess heat 10 times in a row when used with the Arata and Zhang protocol [7].
(1994)
5.
Successful transfer of the Arata and Zhang DS-cathode technology developed at
Osaka University to the McKubre laboratory at SRI [5] . (1999) 6. Observation of heat and helium-4
generated in D2-loaded 0.5% Pd-on-carbon catalyst, observed by Case
[8] and verified by McKubre et al. [5] (1998, 1999)
7.
Observation of by-product helium-3 by Arata and Zhang [9] and with great
clarity by Clarke and McKubre et al. during study of materials from previously
run DS cathodes. Helium-3 was
repeatedly observed at a helium-3/helium-4 ratio greater than 10000 times
ambient value [10]. (1997, 2000)
8.
Observation of tritium in gas from a post-run DS-cathode, as measured by the
build-up of helium-3 in stored chemically purified hydrogen samples by Clarke,
Oliver, and McKubre et al. [10] (2000)
Laboratory potential
for Major Power Production
9. Clear observation by Liaw et al. [11]
for 25 W of excess heat at greater
than 460 C during
anodic deposition of D- ions onto a Pd anode from a molten
salt
electrolyte. Excess power exceeded
electrolysis input power by factor
of 15; power
density was 627 W/cc Pd; duration of high power was 1 day, of
elevated power was
4 days. Power controlled by
current density. Single
successful
anode.(1990)
References
[1] M. Fleischmann
and S. Pons, "Electrochemical Induced Nuclear Fusion of Deuterium", J.
Electroanal. Chem., 261, 301 (1989). Hawkins, M. was added to the
list of authors.
[2] C. G. Baudette,
Excess Heat & Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed (Oak Grove Press,
South Bristol, ME, USA, 2000).
[3] S. Pons and M.
Fleischmann, "Heat After Death", Trans. Fusion Technol. 26,.
87 (1994).
[4] M. H. Miles and B. F. Bush, "Heat and Helium Measurements in
Deuterated Palladium", Trans. Fusion Technol., 26, 156 (1994).
[5] M. McKubre, F.
Tanzella, P. Tripodi and P. Hagelstein, "The Emergence of a Coherent
Explanation for Anomalies Observed in D/Pd and H/Pd Systems.: Evidence for 4He
and 3H Production", Proc. ICCF8, ed. by F. Scaramuzzi, p. 3 (2001).
M. C. H. McKubre, F. Tanzella, and P. Tripodi, Presentation made at the Western
Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, October 1999.
[6] Y. Arata and
Y.-C. Zhang, "Achievement of Solid-State Plasma Fusion
('Cold-Fusion'"), Proc. Japan Acad. , 71B, 304 (1995).
[7] Y. Arata
and Y.-C. Zhang, "A New
Energy caused by 'Spillover-Deuterium'", Proc. Japan Acad. 70B,
106 (1994); Y. Arata and Y.-C. Zhang, "Solid State Plasma Fusion ('Cold
Fusion')", J. High Temperature Soc. Japan. 23 (Special
Vol.), 1 (1998).
[8] L. C. Case,
"Catalytic Fusion of Deuterium into Helium-4", Proc. ICCF-7, p.
48 (1998).
[9] Y. Arata and
Y.-C. Zhang, "Helium (4He,
3He) within Deuterated Pd-Black", Proc. Japan Acad.73B, 1
(1997).
[10] M. McKubre, F.
Tanzella, P. Tripodi and P. Hagelstein, Presentation made at the 8th
International Conference on Cold Fusion, May 2000. W. B. Clarke, B.M. Oliver, M.C.H. McKubre, F.L. Tanzella,
and P. Tripodi, "Search for 3He and 4He in
Palladium-Black from Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes, II: Evidence for Tritium Production, Fusion
Technol., (2001). " (in Press)
Also see [5].
[11] B.Y. Liaw,
P-L. Tao, P. Turner, P. and B.E. Liebert, "Elevated-Temperature Excess
Heat Production in a Pd-D System", J. Electroanal. Chem., 319,
161 (1991).
3. INE Symposium October
26-27, 2001, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Institute for New Energy 新エネルギー研究所の表記研究会が開かれます。H.
Foxからの連絡文を掲載します。
Dear new-energy expert,
We
are pleased to invite you to present a paper at the 2001 New Energy Symposium
which will be held in Salt Lake City, Utah on October 26-27, 2001. Speakers will not be required to pay
for attendance at the conference.
The
major topics to be presented will, of course, involve the description of
new-energy devices, some of which are in the process of being commercialized.
At
least two of the new-energy devices, which are in process of being developed to
a commercial stage, obtain their excess energy from tapping zero-point energy
or the energy of the aether. Therefore, we are pleased to ask for papers that
more fully describe the aether. A
separate part of our journal will be devoted to papers on the aether.
You
may want to read and cite as a reference the following paper:
Colin J. Campbell and
Jean H. Laherr Sre, "The End of Cheap Oil," Scientific American,
March 1998.
This paper clearly shows
that oil production peaked in the U.S. in 1970 and production has been reducing
each year since. The paper shows
that world oil production is expected to peak about 2010. This factor will cause a serious rise
in the cost of energy unless some of the new-energy devices are commercialized
during this decade.
Please
send us an abstract about the paper that you desire to present at this
important conference. We would
like to have abstracts received in our office before the end of August, 2001.
Your
paper will be published in the Proceedings of the 2001 New Energy Symposium by
the Journal of New Energy.
THEREFORE, PLEASE PLAN ON PROVIDING A COPY OF YOUR PAPER AT THE TIME OF
THE CONFERENCE.
*For
more information about the Meeting, please contact Hal Fox by E-mail
address <halfox@qwest.net>.
4. The
9th Russian Conference on Cold Nuclear Transmutation (RCCNT-9)
常温核融合ロシア会議
RCCNT9が今年もソチの近くのドガムスで開かれます。案内を掲載します。申し込み期限が過ぎていますが、その辺はロシア流に何とかなるのではないかと思いますので、関心のある方はY.
Bazhutovにご連絡ください。
Dear Colleges,
The 9th Russian Conference on Cold
Nuclear Transmutation (RCCNT-9) is to be held during September 30 – October 7,
2001. The place of the Conference
is in Dagomys near the city of Sochi that is the best recreation and holiday
place on the Black See shore of Russia.
The program of the Conference includes the
following subjects:
The organizing Committee of the Conference is
pleased to invite you to attend the Conference. The terms of your participation are as follows:
The full cost is $900, which will include the
registration fee, hotel reservation and living, three daily buffet meals,
conference proceedings, transportation from the Sochi airport and back, social
dinner and special excursion or entertainment.
The languages of the Conference are Russian and
English.
The total cost can be reduced down to $800 if
transferred before August 10 to the account of the Organizing Committee shown
below:
Intermediary: Sabrrumm 100 Saving Bank of the
Russian Federation Moscow Bank;
Account with institution: 891200011 at
Izmailovskoye Branch 2695/0437;
Account holder: Yuri Nikolaevich Bazhutov;
Personal account: 42304.840.3.3834.0600137
The correspondence banks of the Moscow Saving Bank
of Russian Federation in your country you will find attached.
If you make a decision to take part in the
Conference please let us know before July 20 about the title and abstract of
your report.
Contact telephone: (7)(095) 196-7117 (ask Mr. Igor
Goryachev)
Fax: (7)(095) 196-6108
e-mail: gnedenko@kiae.ru
Address: 123182, Moscow, Russia, 1 Kurchatov Sq., I
Goryachev
105077, p/o box 169, Yu. Bazhutov
Yu. Bazhutov,
Chairman of the Organizing Committee