CFRL English News No. 58 (2004. 10. 20)
Cold Fusion Research Laboratory (Japan) Dr. Hideo Kozima, Director
E-mail address; cf-lab.kozima@nifty.ne.jp
Websites; http://www.geocities.jp/hjrfq930/
(Back numbers of this News are posted on the above Website)
CFP (Cold Fusion Phenomenon) stands for “nuclear reactions and accompanying events occurring in solids with high densities of hydrogen isotopes (H and/or D) in ambient radiation.”
This is the CFRL News (in English) No. 58 for Cold Fusion researchers published by Dr. H. Kozima, now at the Cold Fusion Research Laboratory, Shizuoka, Japan.
This issue contains following items:
1. H.
Kozima, “Cold Fusion
Phenomenon and Solid State-Nuclear Physics” will be presented at ICCF11.
2.
Cold Fusion Phenomenon（CFP） and Fleischmann’s Hypothesis
3. S. B. Krivit and N. Winocur, “The Rebirth of Cold Fusion — Real Science, Real Hope, Real Energy” was published.
+
1.
H.
Kozima, “Cold Fusion Phenomenon and Solid State-Nuclear
Physics” will be presented at ICCF11.
Research works of cold fusion phenomenon (CFP) is, as surveyed in the
next article, apt to direct to application before its science is established,
even if technology overtook science in our history as steam engine illustrate
it. In CFP, specific topic was, sometimes, closed up and its explanation was
given neglecting due intimate connection with other knowledge of related fields
of science. I have tried to explore science of the cold fusion phenomenon
reconciling with knowledge of related fields. Following is the abstract of my
paper to be presented at ICCF11, full paper of this presentation will be
published in Proceedings of this Conference next year.
Since the discovery of the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP) in 1989, it has been steadily developed researches of science of CFP experimentally and theoretically revealing its complex nature; sporadic occurrence of various events including nuclear transmutations (NT) of elements with large mass numbers in compound systems under ambient radiations with qualitative reproducibility. Such typical characteristics of CFP as occurrence of CFP only in fcc (and hcp) transition metal alloys with hydrogen isotopes but not in bcc alloys, the stability effect in NT (H. Kozima, Proc. ICCF10), helium production only in electrolytic systems with lithium electrolyte in heavy water, optimum combinations of [cathode-electrolyte-hydrogen isotope], etc. are investigated quantum mechanically in this work.
It is shown that quantum mechanical states of hydrogen isotopes in transition metals worked out in the physics of transition-metal hydrides have a close relation with appearance of CFP; H in Ni and D in Pd in favor of CFP are related with wave functions of protons (deuterons) in these metals．Quantum-mechanical calculation of the interaction between occluded protons (deuterons) at interstitial sites and neutrons in nuclei at lattice points (lattice nuclei) [1] has shown that neutrons in different lattice nuclei interact strongly each other through the “super-nuclear interaction” mediated by occluded protons (deuterons). Neutrons in excited states with rather extended wave functions are favorable for this interaction. This super-nuclear interaction between neutrons in different lattice nuclei makes possible appearance of neutron bands at around zero-level of energy (the neutron evaporation energy of the lattice nuclei), which induces accumulation of neutrons at surface/boundary layers and formation of cf-matter there. Neutron drops in the so-realized cf-matter induce nuclear reactions in the region observed as CFP very different from those reactions in free space investigated in nuclear physics, hitherto.
[1] H. Kozima, “Quantum Physics of Cold Fusion Phenomenon” Developments in Quantum Physics Researches pp. 167-196, ed. V. Krasnoholovets, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 2004.
２．Cold Fusion
Phenomenon (CFP) and Fleischmann’s Hypothesis
As is well known, the cold fusion phenomenon was
discovered by Fleischmann and Pons in 1898 and announced by them prior to the
publication of the paper.[1] According to Fleischmann’s recollection,[2] his
motivation of this work was expectation of high probability d-d fusion in
transition metal deuterides, e.g. PdD, due to lattice effects of the material.
It is possible to call his anticipation as “Fleischmann’s hypothesis.”
The history of CFP research in these 15 years much
suffered from Fleischmann’s hypothesis, right or wrong. This hypothesis
predicts production of huge amount of energy depending only on the abundant
deuterium in water with relatively small and cheap facilities. This made CFP
research strongly application oriented. Researchers in the early stages and
critics against them sometimes influenced too strongly by this anticipation.
There remains its influence in some researches making them deflecting from
scientific main road. It is true that development of practical machines is
possible without understanding of principles of phenomena as the case of steam
engine illustrate and efforts to realize practical machines should be esteemed
high. On the other hand, it is necessary to search theoretical framework to
explain the phenomena based on the existing principles of science.
From my point of view, present status of CFP
research is described as follows:
(1) Experimentally, (1-a) various events (or
phenomena) not expected directly from the Fleischmann’s hypothesis have been
observed rather often. Among them, the nuclear transmutation producing many
elements with large mass numbers are outstanding. (1-b) The reproducibility of
events, controversial from the beginning, should be a result inevitable to
complex, chaotic systems where CFP occurs. It will make clear a characteristic
of CFP if we use a concept “qualitative reproducibility” to express this
property. (1-c) Some products (e.g. He) are observed in some system with
specific substance (e.g. Li) revealing special roles of the latter. Examples of
these combinations are shown in Figs. 11.2 and 11.3 of my book.[3] (1-d)
Necessary and sufficient conditions for CFP are not determined yet. (1-e) It is
necessary to care much about relations of physical properties of
transition-metal hydrides and deuterides and CFP. Some trials in this direction
are presented in the recent paper of mine.[4] Following experimental facts
should be intimately connected with physics of CFP; (1-f) Combinations of metal
and hydrogen isotope, e.g. Ni-H and Pd-D, are preferable for CFP. (1-g)
Products of CFP, especially transmuted nuclei, are localized in the surface
area of the solid samples.
(2) Theoretically; (2-a) We have to seriously correspond
to critiques from such scientists in different branches as Leggett and Baym[5]
and Ichimaru[6]. (2-b) Construct theoretical framework to explain whole
experimental facts such as summarized above base on principles of physics.
(2-c) Communicate with scientists in other related branches. To make CFP
research sound and prosperous, it is absolutely necessary to perform
investigation in the way recognized in wide scientific world even if they are
too rigorous to stick fast to the rules in the established science.
References
[1] M. Fleischmann, S. Pons and M. Hawkins, "Electrochemically
induced Nuclear Fusion of Deuterium", J. Electroanal. Chem. 261,
301 (1989).
[2] M. Fleischmann, "Cold Fusion: Past, Present and Future", The
Best Ever! (Proc. ICCF7), p.119 (April 20 - 23, 1998, Vancouver,
Canada), ENECO Inc. Utah, USA, 1998. The abstract of this paper is reproduced
in our CFRL website on the following page:
http://www.geocities.jp/hjrfq930/Cfcom/Histry/histry/Flschmnhis.htm
[3] H. Kozima, Discovery of the Cold Fusion Phenomenon — Evolution of the
Solid State - Nuclear Physics and the Energy Crisis in 21st Century, Ohtake Shuppan
KK. Tokyo, Japan, 1998.
[4] H. Kozima, Quantum Physics of the Cold Fusion Phenomenon, in
Developments in Quantum Physics – 2004, V. Krasnoholovets, ed. Nova
Science Publishers, Inc. New York, 2005.
[5] A.J. Leggett and G. Baym, "Exact Upper Bound on Barrier
Penetration Probabilities in Many-Body Systems: Application to 'Cold
Fusion"', Phys. Rev. Letters, 63, pp. 191-194 (1989).
[6] S. Ichimaru, "Nuclear Fusion in Dense Plasmas", Rev.
Mod. Phys., 65, 255-299 (1993).
3. B. Krivit and N. Winocur, “The Rebirth of Cold Fusion — Real Science, Real Hope, Real Energy” Pacific Oaks
Press, Los _Angels, CA, 2004 was published
The short note The Cold Fusion Report by S.B. Krivit and N. Winocur introduced in CFRL News No.56 was enlarged and emerged as the above book. (c.f. http://www.newenergytimes.com/ )
Contents of this book is
posted in CFRL website:
http://www.geocities.jp/hjrfq930/News/NewsPrefaces/Krivit.htm
In this book, authors
explain present status of CFP research with many selected experimental data
sets mainly from an optimistic point of view for its application. The
description is plain and easy to read.
From scientist’s eyes, it
was desirable to evaluate experimental and theoretical works more severely. It
was also unfortunate for the authors not noticed my papers [1] and books [2]
that would make their scientific perspective more wide and appropriate.
Anyway, this book is
profitable for the cold fusion community.
[1] For example, H. Kozima, “CF-Matter
and the Cold Fusion Phenomenon” Proc. ICCF10 (to be published).
[2] For example, H. Kozima, Discovery of the Cold Fusion Phenomenon — Evolution of the
Solid State - Nuclear Physics and the Energy Crisis in 21st Century, Ohtake Shuppan
KK. Tokyo, Japan, 1998.