CFRL
English News No. 26 (2001. 7. 10)
Cold Fusion Research Laboratory Dr. Hideo Kozima
E-mail address; cf-lab.kozima@pdx.edu
Webpage; http://web.pdx.edu/~pdx00210/
www.mars.dti.ne.jp/~kunihoto/cf-lab/index.html
This is CFRL News (in English) No. 26 translated from Japanese version published for friend researchers of Cold Fusion Research Laboratory directed by Dr. H. Kozima in Portland State University
In this issue, there are following items.
1) gPossible
Explanation of 4He Production in a Pd/D2 System by the TNCF
Modelh will be published in Fusion Science and
Technology,
2) On the gNi-H
Systemh by E.G.
Campari et al. Proc. ICCF8 p.69
(2001),
3)
On the Cold Fusion Research by Robert E. Smith
4)
JCF3 Announcement
1) gPossible Explanation of 4He
Production in a Pd/D2 System by the TNCF Modelh Fusion Science and Technology (July 2001)
The
journal Fusion Technology will be published by a new title Fusion
Science and Technology from American Nuclear Society under the new Editor
already announced in FT Vol.38, No.3 (2000). There is a delay in publication of
scheduled papers including our paper listed above. We hope the editorial
principle accepting new fields of cold fusion phenomenon in its repertoire will
not be altered under the new Editorial Board.
2) E.G. Campari, S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V.
Montalbano, F. Piantelli, E. Porcu, E. Tosti and S. Veronesi, gNi-H Systemh Proc. ICCF8, p. 69 (2001)
@Abstract of this paper was given in this CFRL News No.16 (2000. 9. 10) (4)-1.
gThe most important experimental results obtained in the last years on the Ni-H system will be presented. In particular, we will report on 1) hydrogen absorption at low pressure (< 1 bar) and high temperature (500 - 700 K) in Ni, 2) thermal power production up to 70 W for long period (up to 10 months), 3) control capability on the power production, 4) experimental evidence of neutron and gamma rays emission, and 5) detection of several chemical elements different from Ni and H on the specimen surface.h
If we can assume the same sample size as before (5mmΣX 90mm), then the S/V ratio is 8.2 and the output power of 70 W corresponds to a density of 40W/cm^{3} which is ranked at a high level in CF experiments. Focardi et al. observed also neutrons, which are, compared the data by Bressani et al. of the neutron energy spectra in Pd-D systems (cf. gDiscoveryh 6.2c). It is desirable to have an energy spectrum of the neutron observed in Ni-H system, which makes identification of the nuclear reactions in the system generating Q and neutron. We can expect their cooperation with the group in Milano University. It is also true about the gamma ray spectrum, which makes possible to compare the experimental results with our theory.
The data by S. Focardi et al. published until now are listed as follows;
S. Focardi, R. Habel and F. Piantelli, gAnomalous
Heat Production in Hi-H Systemsh Il Nuovo Cimento 107A, 163
(1994). iIj
S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano. F.
Piantelli and S. Veronesi, gLarge Excess Heat Production in Ni-H Systemsh
Il Nuovo Cimento 111A, 1233 (1998). iIIj
A. Battaglia, L. Daddi, S. Focardi, V.
Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, P.G. Sona and S. Veronesi, gNeutron
Emission in Ni-H Systemsh Il Nuovo Cimento 112A, 921 (1999) iIIIj
E.G. Campari et al., gNi-H Systemsh
Proc. ICCF8 p. 69 (2001). (IV)
We have analyzed the data
in (I) by the TNCF model and the result was given in my book Discovery 11.10b.
The reactions used in the analysis were
n + p
= d (1.33 keV) + gamma (2.22 MeV),
(1)
d (1.33
keV) + p = 3He + gamma (5.49 MeV). (2)
In the paper (I), it was reported that no radiation
was detected. In papers (III) and (IV), however, a small amount of neutron and
gamma had been observes which are not expected in the above reactions (1) and
(2). This point should be discussed in the TNCF model taking local coherence
and neutron drop formation in surface layers into consideration. We can
summarize data given in the above papers as follows:
(I). The maximum filling occurred when the Ni rod 5mmΣ~90mm was heated above 173 and the gas pressure was below 1 atm (H2 of 570 mb was used). After several loading steps, the gas absorption was accompanied by a strong rise of the rod temperature standing high for such a long time as several tens days
(II). With a new set-up, the external temperature increase, together with the internal one, have been utilized to characterize the excited state of the Ni sample that produced the excess heat for a long period accompanying neutrons and gamma rays. Two cells, A and B, produced excess heat of 38 and 22W for 278 and 319 days, respectively, total energy amounting to 900 and 600 MJ, respectively.
(III) In the cell A used in the above experiment in (II), neutron emission was observed accompanied with the excess heat. A peak value of the neutron count was 6~103/s. Reducing the number of neutrons to the excess heat assuming 1 MeV energy liberation in a nuclear reaction, the one neutron observed in the experiment corresponds to 1011 reactions.
(IV) The experiments done from 1993 were repeated under conditions of H2 gas pressure 200-1000mb and sample temperatures 700-800. In addition to the data of the excess heat, neutron and gamma emission, new elements were observed in localized spots on the Ni sample surface: they include lighter elements Fe, Mn, Cr, Ca and so on than Ni (except Sc, Ti, V, Co) and Cu and Zn. In each spot, only some of these were detected, but their EDX signal was in some cases even stronger than that of Ni. The proportion of the elements changes from place to place.
These experimental data are very interesting showing several characteristics of the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP).
First of all, it should be emphasized as were done
several times until now that CFP occurs not only in D systems but also in H
systems as is shown in these experiments by the excess heat, neutron and gamma
emission and also by the nuclear transmutation. The TNCF model has emphasized
that characteristics of CFP are best understood by giving up to consider d
+ d reaction as its main
cause.
Next, the reactions observed in these systems shows a
characteristic that the reaction is induced by an excitation process and then
the excited state is maintained for a long period. This reminds us the
mechanism depicted in the TNCF model that the trigger reaction by trapped
neutrons induces a reaction and then breeding reactions by particles generated
in the trigger reactions maintain the reactions. Similar characteristic has
been observed also in other experiments in different materials and experimental
conditions.
The numbers of neutrons and gammas 1011
less than reactions producing the excess heat should be explained by
characteristics of sample surfaces such local coherence and neutron drop
formation in the surface layer as proposed in the TNCF model. Localization of
the nuclear transmutation products should be related with these characteristics.
3) On the Cold Fusion Research(*)
by Robert E.
Smith, Jr., President of Oakton International Corporation (OIC), 2714
Clarkes Landing Drive, Oakton, VA 22124
(*)
This article is
originally sent to OED on the occasion of its Public Meetings on June 26 and published here by permission
of the author.
In
April, 1994, I was contacted by a person in the intelligence community and
asked to provide a worldwide assessment of the new science of "COLD
FUSION" that was originally announced by Pons and Fleischmann in Salt Lake
City, UT in 1989.
At
first, I was very skeptical about this technology. Most of my background was in fission nuclear reactors that
utilized particle physics approaches and their nuclear engineering
applications. By reading many
technical papers, attending several local cold fusion meetings, and
participating in several international conferences on cold fusion, and
examining DATA in several international laboratories (including 7 trips to
Russia and other countries) I became convinced that several scientists and
engineers (including Pons and Fleischmann) had in fact produced significant
excess heat (more power out than input power) without associated radioactivity
(no neutrons, no gammas, no alphas, no betas etc. seen on standard detectors).
I also realized that there were several
types of cold fusion reactions and processes, most of which can be explained
with solid state physics and quantum mechanics, and NOT by former standard
particle physics and engineering approaches (cross sections for this and that)
taught in most nuclear engineering schools.
It is somewhat like when computers were
being built with vacuum tubes in large air-conditioned rooms, while solid state
physicists and engineers were standing in the wings saying to themselves, we
can put the capability of the vacuum tube computer in our wrist watch and give
it many times the computing power of the large computer.
I also observed that in order to provide
high reliability excess power reactions that it requires very strict attention
to detailed required cold fusion reactor conditions, configurations, and
materials. Early cold fusion
experiments did not have good quality control of required parameters, thus
duplication of experiments was difficult.
This duplication problem has been clearly solved. Power levels of at least 10 KW per
cubic centimeter of excess heat power have been observed.
Comments
by the numbers in the announcement:
1. The objectives of
the current energy efficiency and renewable energy (EERE) research,
development, demonstration and deployment (RDD&D) programs.
Comment. I have had several meetings at DOE
headquarters, DOE National Laboratories including the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Denver, CO, and have determined that there is very little RDD&D
on cold fusion research taking place in the United States of America
(USA). Hot fusion programs have consumed
large sums of funding and they have not produced significant power levels with
greater than a ratio of unity (more power out than input power), as have cold
fusion researchers. The research
objectives of the EERE should definitely be reformed to include significant
requirements and provisions for cold fusion RDD&D.
2. Suggested potential objectives for
future programs.
Comment. EERE objectives for research in the new
science of cold fusion
Should
include, as a minimum, the following objectives:
a. Expand theoretical explanations of the various types of cold
fusion reactions.
b. Expand experimentation of cold fusion processes using a
predict (simulation) and verify approach.
c. Perform requirements analyses to document the justification
and identification of users of the cold fusion RDD&D and resulting
applications.
d. Perform economic, political, and social comparison analyses
for existing energy sources (fossil, solar, wind, geothermal, etc.) versus cold
fusion energy sources.
e. Perform non-proliferation of nuclear energy analyses to show
the importance of peaceful uses of cold fusion nuclear hydrogen energy since
the cold fusion reactions do not involve exponential neutron multiplication
factors (k-effective).
f. Expand the use of cold nuclear fusion hydrogen energy that
has no associated radioactivity or radioactive waste products.
g. Develop cold fusion processes to reduce radioactive wastes
from fuel of fission nuclear reactors.
h. Develop commercial applications that utilize cold fusion
reactors
such
as electric vehicles, heating and air-conditioning equipment, different size
electrical power plants, district heating and cooling, space and terrestrial
cold fusion nuclear power and propulsion systems, and environmentally clean
systems to reduce smog, global warming, and radioactive wastes.
3. Implementation of current and future
programs.
Comment. If there are any current cold fusion
programs in EERE RDD&D, they should be significantly expanded so that they
are well known, well funded, and involve world wide participation of expert
cold fusion scientists and engineers. New start programs/projects are essential
and should be required to be submitted in the program, planning, and budgeting
system process of the 10 DOE National Laboratories. Mixed Government Corporations like the U.S. Enrichment
Corporation should be considered to "fence funding, both public and private"
for the specific purpose of developing cold fusion hydrogen energy sources and
applications. Coordination and cooperation with the other U.S. Departments,
Private Industry, and foreign collaborators should be encouraged.
4. Whether these Federal programs are
achieving intended objectives.
Comment. It has been my personal observation
that there have been few federal cold fusion programs that have even attempted
to satisfy the objectives listed in comment 2 above.
There have been two excellent cold fusion
federal reports published by the U.S. Navy at the Naval Weapons Center, China
Lake, California and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC. There have been reports of alternate
sources of Tritium production at the DOE Los Alamos National Laboratory.
There
have been some small efforts sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency. There has been
significant exploratory cold fusion research done at the SRI International
laboratory in Menlo Park, California, the University of Illinois fusion studies
laboratory, the University of New Mexico, New Mexico Engineering Research
Institute, the University of Texas, Texas A&M University, etc.,
ALL of which were with sub-critical
amounts of funding. It is
estimated that any expansion of the DOE EERE RDD&D, over a five year
period, should have a minimum of $40 Million assigned to the effort and be
coordinated and jointly funded by using organizations such as the Department of
Defense, Department of State, Department of Commerce, Department of
Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration. Efforts
and funding by the International Proliferation and Prevention (IPP)
Program and the United States Energy Coalition and the International Science
and Technology Centers (ISTC) should be significantly expanded,
especially for USA small business participation.
It
is one thing to fund the foreign collaborators and another to fund U.S.
Industry small businesses. Some
large businesses have provided funding up to 1.6 times federal funding for IPP
efforts, but funding for significant small business participation in the USA
has not been solved.
DOE
National laboratories should be allocated "fenced funding" for small
businesses contracts for cold fusion RDD&D such that the funds are not used
for in-house personnel/research (Full Time Equivalents), just to keep
laboratory people on staff and their gold watch programs funded.
When
funding is identified and budgeted for USA small business contracts, the degree
of participation of small USA businesses in worthwhile projects such as IPP,
ISTC and other world wide efforts such as those sponsored by the U.N.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) will be greatly improved.
We
at OIC, are looking forward to participation with EERE once some or all of
these suggested comments have been implemented. We will provide non-proprietary information briefings on
details of radiationless cold nuclear fusion at anytime, or place convenient
for you and the EERE staff, to help justify the implementation of these
suggested reforms.
Robert
E. Smith, Jr.
President/CEO
Oakton International Corporation (OIC)
(703) 620-5886
(954) 941-9057
(703) 620-6247 Fax
4) JCF3 Announcement:
CALL FOR PAPERS: The 3rd Japan Meeting on Nuclear Reactions in Solid (JCF3)
Dear JCF members and CF-research
colleagues:
The research activity on
nuclear-reactions-in-solid (cold fusion) grows steadily in Japan. Since the
last meeting (JCF2) at Hokkaido University, we have been informally aware of
new progresses on detection of excess heat, neutrons, He-4, X-rays and
"transmuted" products, from several groups, and of innovative
proposals on theoretical models and analyses. The International Conference ICCF9 is now scheduled on May 19-24,
2002, in Beijing China (http://iccf9.global.tsinghua.edu.cn/iccf9.htm). So the JCF3 meeting on October 25-26, 2001, at
Yokohama National University, will provide us good occasion of summarizing and
discussing Japanese (and including possibly some of over-sea activities)
activities in the field to make further progress toward ICCF9.
Place of JCF3 Meeting: University Hall of Yokohama National
University, Tokiwadai 79-5,
Hotogayaku, Yokohama, Japan
Date: October 25-26, 2001
Topics: nuclear products, excess heat, low energy nuclear reactions,
fusion, fission, materials, experimental techniques, theories, CF politics,
etc.
Presentation: oral presentation (English or Japanese) in 20-25 min per paper
Abstract
dead-line: September 10, 2001 ( send via attached
file in e-mail to (mohta@newjapan.nucl.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp) or usual mail, to JCF-desk,
Takahashi laboratory, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Osaka University,
Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Abstract
style: 1-2 pages, A4 format in free style, write in
English Title, names (mark presenter), affiliation, keywords (4-5), main
sentences, figures, tables, references
Registration: on Meeting site in the Morning of October 25, 2001
registration fee: 5,000 yen
banquet: 5,000 yen
Inquiry
to the Local Organizing Committee: to
Prof. Kenichiro Ota, Yokohama National
University
E-mail: ken-ota@ynu.ac.jp
Tel: 81-45-339-4021
Inquiry
to JCF office: to
Akito Takahashi, Osaka University
E-mail: akito@nucl.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp
Tel: 81-6-6879-7890