I. Report of ICCF8 (1). By H. Kozima

The 8^th International Conference on the Cold Fusion (ICCF8) (Lerici, Italy May 21 - 26, 2000) has been held with success. In the Conference, it was confirmed that the experimental data obtained hitherto are reproduced with high qualitative reproducibility researchers who have been working in this field for several years. Theoretically, several models including the TNCF model have been presented and explained in detail and become common property of the research community.

In this issue, it is explained only abstract of the Conference and details will be reported in the following issues published next and following months.

There have been presented 26 oral presentations (35 minutes presentations- 20, 20 minutes- 6) and 50 poster presentations. Many experimental works have shown confirmation of their former results with higher credibility and qualitative reproducibility. In the theoretical part, the oral presentation of the TNCF model contributed most to make clear realization of the present status of CF research, from my point of view.

Miley et al. obtained a similar result in planar multi-layer films to PPC widely investigated several years ago. McKubre et al obtained He-4 in proportion with heat in the Case cell and also in the Arata cell. Miles and Fleischmann explained details of calorimetric techniques and Miles demanded recognition of his positive result obtained in NHE lab in Sapporo in 1998(?).

Hagelstein, P. declared his success to obtain the probability of d-d fusion reaction in solids assisted by phonons using second order perturbation calculation in accordance with the experimental result obtained by McKubre et al. In my opinion, however, his calculation has shown only existence of a channel of d-d fusion reactions and not its reality in solids at room temperature. It is necessary to show relative probability to other channels and also the effects of higher order terms. If his result is correct, this is a very important work in physics showing an inverse-dissipation process in solids with high-density deuterons. Details of this problem will be discussed in forthcoming issues.

On the last day of the Conference, several people selected regionally have presented Concluding remarks.

Next Conference, ICCF9, will be held in Beijing two years later in May of 2002.

II.ICCF8 Report（2）(Detail 1)

It was reported at the Conference that Prof. G. Preparata of Milano University had died just before the Conference at his age of 58 by a colitis cancer. Prof. M Fleischmann has given a memorial address in the beginning of the Conference. We have lost Prof. M Okamoto two years ago in 1998 by a lung cancer. It is pity to loose young researchers in their prime by disease.

By the final list of the Conference participants sent by mail after the Conference, total number was 150 including 43 Italian, 40 American, 22 Japanese, 12 Russian, 6 French and others.

1-1. Some Topics about TNCF Model at the Conference

Alternative Energy Institute, Inc. has given a preview of its ICCF8 Reports programmed to publish recently in its home page: <www.altenergy.org/iccf8/>

In the corner Speakers/speakers.html they have given short descriptions of presenters at the Conference. In the 20 names with some sentences of introduction, there is a name Hideo Kozima with a following introduction:

“Professor Emeritus in the Department of Physics at Shizuoka University. His paper “Neutron Band in Solids” was published in the Journal of Physical Society of Japan in September 1998. His book, “Discovery of the Cold Fusion Phenomenon: Development of Solid State Physics and the Energy Crisis in the 21st Century” was published by Ohtake Shuppan Inc., in Tokyo, 1998. The book is 370 pages and the ISBN is 4-87186-044-2. Kozima is associated in the cold fusion area with his TNCF (trapped neutron catalyzed fusion) theory, and this book focuses on the theory. Kozima was one of the first to attempt a replication of the Pons-Fleischmann paper. He was fortunate to get results in the first attempt, in the form of neutrons. He soon realized that the processes were stochastic, and therefore difficult to repeat at will. Dr. Kozima is a senior consultant and founding member of Japan’s CF-Research Society.”

In this introduction, the sentence ”this book focuses on the theory.” is one-sided and incorrect from my point of view. Similar evaluation about my book I have read somewhere ignoring 100 pages introduction of experimental data in the Cold Fusion Phenomenon in the book followed by 150 pages explanation of the TNCF model and analyses of the data by the model. The sentence cited above should be revised as follows: ”this book introduces various experimental data in CFP and analyses them by the TNCF model.”

In the home page of the AEI cited above, there are introduction of the oral presentations with color photographs of the authors. In the part of my presentation, the TNCF model is introduced with inappropriate criticism. The common misunderstanding found also in this case is confusion of natures of a model and a theory (fundamental). As I have told several times to avoid the misunderstanding, a model has to rely on a premise (or premises) not explained by existing principles. Value of a model should be evaluated by its ability to explain experimental facts not by the reality of the premise assumed in the model. The best example showing this situation is the Bohr model proposed in 1913 with a premise of “stationary orbits of electrons in atoms” contradicting with classical electrodynamics (cf. News No.12, item 4 e.g.).

The sentence in the above home page is:

“Hideo Kozima has been very prolific in describing his Trapped – Neutron – Catalyzed - Fusion theory. Central to the model is a source of neutrons, which are released under certain circumstances. When they are found to cause a nuclear reaction, the magnitude of the reaction is used to calculate the supposed concentration of active neutrons. Supported for the model is based on the calculated neutron concentration values falling within a relatively narrow range. Unfortunately, the parameters used to calculate the neutron concentrations have no relationship to the actual environment in which the reactions occur. The source of these neutrons has always been a problem, which Kozima now proposes may be cosmic neutrons related to sunspot activity.”

I have given an explanation of the trapped neutron answering to the question raised by Dr. G. Miley using the Bohr model as an example. The common misunderstanding is seen in the above sentence. I feel difficulty in understanding of an idea alien from everyday experience of modern researchers working in “Juubako” (established framework of science) far from the age of “Sturm und Drang” in the beginning of this century when Quantum Mechanics and Theory of Relativity were established.

I have sent a mail to AEI to revise these points in the materials included in their home page in publication

III. ICCF8 Report（3） (Details 2)

In the preceding News Nos. 13 and 14, we have given general reports on the Conference focused on the TNCF model. From this issue, we will give details of interesting experimental data reported at the Conference.

After 11 years from the announcement of the discovery of the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), it should be a time of maturity of this research field, in my opinion. However, it is difficult to say that fundamental features of the phenomenon are clarified and foundation of its science has lain. Can we say with confidence that the Conference has given hopeful perspective of the science of CFP on the vast pile of data sets accumulated in these 11 years even if there are 145 participants and 26 oral and 50 poster presentations at the ICCF8?

It should be said with confidence that many groups have continued their activity for more than several years showing that the qualitative reproducibility of the phenomenon is improved very much to make them keep their enthusiasm in this field betraying predictions exclaimed by critics several years ago. However, it is regrettable to miss several names popular in past Conferences including T. Bressani of Milan, Italy, C. Sanchez of Madrid, Spain, P.K. Iyengar of BARC, India, J.O’M. Bockris of Texas A&M, USA and T.N. Claytor of Los Alamos, USA.

Experimental systems where observed positive results of CFP are divided into two groups; Heavy water system (D-system) and Light water system (H-system) (cf. My book “Discovery of Cold Fusion Phenomenon” Chapter 7). The evidences of CFP in the light water system which has been accepted dubious even in CF community first have given also in ICCF8, details of which will be given later, citing here only a short private conversation with Dr. M. Fleischmann at the opening day.

As was presented in ICCF7 and cited in my book “Discovery” (Section 17.7), M. Fleischmann recollected the early days of his investigation of CFP where he omitted any comments on H-system. To my question on this point at ICCF8, he said as follows, “There are too difficult problems even in D-system to understand, it is out of my power to treat problems in H-system,” on the whole.

This is an idea meaning that “CFP in D- and H-systems are caused by different causes and could be treated independently.” On the other hand, there could be obtained a perspective if we consider there is a common cause for CFP in D- and H-systems.” The TNCF model is standing on the latter point of view and giving a consistent explanation of various events in CFP both in D- and H-systems and hints for a new science of solid state-nuclear physics.

We will give interesting data on the samples with large surface-to-volume ratios.

(3)-1. Samples with large S/V ratios

There are qualitative facts shown by experimental data that the higher the S/V ratio of a sample is, the higher the qualitative reproducibility of CFP in the sample is (cf. “Discovery” Tables 11.2 and 11.3). Experimentalists have noticed this fact and many trials have been made to devise new samples with S/V ratios producing positive data of CFP. Followings are several examples of them presented at ICCF8 marked with a number “n” attached to an Abstract designated by a sign [n]. (This number seems attached to an Abstract at random independent of the content or the author of the paper.)

The Patterson Power Cell (PPC) noticed by occurrence of the excess heat Q and nuclear transmutation NT with high qualitative reproducibility has been transformed into a plane multi-layer sample on a base and presented by G. Miley.

[065] “Advances in Thin-Film Electrode Experiments”

[066] “On the Reaction Products and Heat Correlation for LENRs”

LENR is capitals of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction. The PPC was taken up in the ABC News at June 11, 1997 and an experimental kit was sold out by less than $4000 at that time. It is whispered at the Conference that PPC has not shown CFP any more (!). I understand this rumor, as the qualitative reproducibility of PPC should become very low. If it is so, one of reasons for lowering of qualitative reproducibility should be related with decrease of background neutron density in these several years. As is well-known, solar activity with an 11 years period and the density of the background ambient neutron have strong inverse correlation. Due to the solar activity, density of the ambient neutron had a maximum in 1996 and will have a minimum in 2000. Generally speaking, the success rate of CFP in a system should be decreasing after 1996 of course depending strongly on the structure of the sample used in the system.

The planar sample Ni-Pd-Ni-Cu used by G. Miley this time was deposited on a glass base and generated the excess heat of 80 - 110 % for an input power of about 200 mW. There is following sentence in the Abstract:

“Examination of thin-film surfaces and reaction products distribution suggest that reactions occur over a reasonably broad area of the surface/interface region with properly designed thin-film electrodes. Further, excess power densities in thin-films have been obtained that are an order of magnitude higher than that in solid electrodes or coated catalytic particles (PPC?), ---“ (Underlined at quatation.)

G. Miley contrasts his result of LENR occurring clearly in D- and H-systems altogether to CFP proposed to be explained by the d-d reaction and writes following sentence:

”---a variety of reaction products with masses both higher and lower than that of host electrode material suggest that proton-metal initiated reactions occur.”

From our point of view, the reactions of d-d and p-Pd difficult to understand from common sense of nuclear physics are excluded in the TNCF model and trigger reactions between a trapped neutron (or neutron drops) and Li, d, p or Pd produces energetic particles which induce breeding reactions to give observed events.

The explanation of selected events by d-d reactions is a counterpart of critics to deny whole CFP, which cannot explain only by d-d reactions. This point will be discussed later again.

Another sample with a large S/V ratio noticed for several years is the palladium black used in the Arata cell (cf."Discovery"6.2f). Palladium black is a fine power of a diameter about 0.4 micron used as a catalyst. In the Arata cell, palladium black is contained in a cylinder of Pd, which is used as a cathode. We have heard explanation of the Arata cell more than several times at Conferences in Japan and abroad and have not enough understanding of its mechanism. There are several presentations about Arata cell by Arata and Zhang [018] and M. McKubre029]

[018] “Definitive Difference among [Bulk-D2O], [DS-D2O] and [DS-H2O] cells in the Deuterization and Deuterium-reaction” (DS = Double Structure)

[029] “The Emergence of a Coherent Explanation for Anomalies Observed in D/Pd and H/Pd Systems”

The latter paper [029] contains experimental data on the Case cell (with porous carbon catalyst coated with palladium). On the Case cell, a report and an analysis by R. Murray were introduced in the former News Nos. 1 and 2.

Pd black is a particles with an S/V ratio of about 100000 /cm while the Case cell is a porous carbon catalyst coated with Pd with unknown S/V ratio which we can guess to be fairly large as about 10000/cm. Except existence of carbon, the both catalyst cathodes have inverse structures and it is interesting to investigate them from our point of view.

The elaborate experiments done in SRI by M. McKubre et al. (cf.”Discovery”6.1b) have shown generation of the excess heat with high qualitative reproducibility without any nuclear products. It is interesting to hear that they obtained with a good timing He-4 data in accordance with the data of Arata et al. and L. Case et al.

The data of He-4 were presented a few years ago in several Conferences in Japan and in Journals and were analyzed by the TNCF model (cf. ”Discovery”11.8d). The analysis was similar to that of J.R. Morrey et al. and M.H. Miles et al. (cf. ”Discovery” Sec. 11.8) and had given reasonable relation of Q and He-4. Arata cell has been checked several times in Japan also with ambiguous results and it takes several months sometimes to give positive results as Dr. Zhang told in a Conference. It takes probably more times to clarify physics of He-4 generation in cells including Arata’s.

A sample with a large S/V ratio of about 10000/cm used by R. Notoya is a porous Ni cathode generating effectively the excess heat and NT products. In ICCF8, a paper was presented to identify nuclear reactions occurring in the system using gamma ray data. Her conclusion is similar to that given in the TNCF model (cf. ”Discovery” 11.7f)

[036] “Determination of Some Nuclear Reactions Scheme Occurring in Electrolysis Systems”

A group in USA performed a new experiment with a nanoparticle of Pd:

[039] “Observations of the Production and Quantification of Heat, Helium-4, Tritium, and Energetic Penetrating Radiation from Deuterated Palladium Nanoparticles under a Variety of Experimental Conditions including Experiment with No Input Power Requirements”

In this work, the excess heat and nuclear products have been obtained simultaneously. Furthermore, it is interesting the “heat after death” event is observed which only the TNCF model could explain easily.

”---provide reproducible production of heat along with substantial amount of He-4, tritium and energetic photons with characteristic energy spectra. Some of these experimental protocols require continuing input power for production of the noted effects while other are completely independent of input power once initiated.” (Underlined at citation.)

Another genre of samples with a large S/V ratio is the multi-layers as pointed out in the case of Miley’s [065]. Several successful data have been presented at ICCF8. The thickness of a layer in the sample is about 1 micrometer and the S/V ratio might be about 10000/cm.

A. Lipson in Russia has been working with multi-layer system (cf.”Discovery”6.3c). He presented new data at ICCF8 as follows:

[037] Evidence for D-D Reaction in Au/Pd/PdO: D Hetero-structure as a Result of Exothermic Deuterium Desorption.” (The d-d reaction is not confirmed in this work.)

[038] Observation of High-energy Alpha Emission in Au/Pd/PdO: D (H) Hetero-structure Samples in the Process of Deuterium (Hydrogen) Desorption”

There is an interesting sentence in the Abstract, “It was shown that alpha particle emission in the range of 8.0 - 11.7 MeV is accompanied by the deuteerium or hydrogen desorption --- and has a good reproducibility.” The high-energy alpha particle should be a signal of fission reaction similar to production of heavy nuclei observed as NT. (To be continued)

IV. ICCF8 Report (4) (Details 3)

In the previous Report (3) appeared in the News No.15, I have listed Research Groups including Prof. Carlos Sanchez of University of Madrid (Spain), which did not present any paper at ICCF8. After the publication of the News No.15, I have known the reason he did not attend the Conference that one of his brothers had died immediately before the opening day. I express my condolence on the death of his brother and hope we can cooperate to precede the CF research.

(3)-2 Samples with Large Surface/Volume (S/V) Ratios (Continued)

H. Yamada of Iwate University, Japan performed a similar experiment to that presented at ICCF6 by E. Yamaguchi et al. (cf. “Discovery” 6.5c) and observed the excess energy Q and tritium.

[043] Tritium Production and Anomalous Increase in Temperature of Palladium Deuteride/Hydride induced by DC and AC Current in Evacuated Chamber.”

In the explanation of the data obtained by E. Yamaguchi et al., I have pointed out a possible explanation of the data in H-system as showing the excess heat and particles with mass 3 in the compound sample Au/ PdD_x / MnO_y while the authors did not take up those data as meaningful (“Discovery” p.203): ”This result is, however, might be an evidence of nuclear reactions generating tritium by reactions (11.3) succeeding (11.6) or ---“

The data obtained by H. Yamada et al. have confirmed this presumption.

Y. Iwamura et al. of Mitsubishi Heavy Industry have been working with multi-layer cathode including an oxide layer and observed the excess heat and NT.

[059] “Nuclear Products and Their Time Dependence Induced by Continuous Diffusion of Deuterium through Multi-layer Pd Containing Low Work-Function Material.”

On the surface of their sample Pd/X/Pd (X= CaO, TiC, Y₂O₃ and so on), They observed heterogeneous elements including Mg, Si, S, and Fe with isotope ratios different from natural ones.

De Ninno et al. in Italy have been working with Pd thin films and a preliminary data has been presented.

[093] “The Fleischmann-Pons Effect in a Novel Electrolytic Configuration.”

Their sample is a ribbon-like Pd film deposited on a glass substrate. The size of the ribbon is 5 x 10^-3 in width, 100 cm in length, 5 - 2 x 10^-4 cm in thickness. The observed excess heat is about 30 - 50 % of the input energy.

Another group of Lecce University in Italy used Pd film with thickness 16 - 141 nm evaporation deposited on Si wafer. The sample was in contact with D_{2} gas of 2 - 5 bar for a week and then some of them were irradiated a weak laser beam. On the surface of the samples, change of the surface and NT were observed.

[027] “Studies of Transmutation of Elements in Deuterated Pd Films Irradiated with an Excimer Laser.”

The surface of samples with and without irradiation, there observed cracks and bubbles with a diameter of 5 micrometer around the cracks. New elements by NT were Fe, Ni, Zn, Na, Mg, Al and others up to 5 % each and up to 20 % as a whole depending on the thickness of the film and irradiation.

There are several experiments to elevate D (H)/Pd ratio as large as possible. It is obvious a sample with a large S/V ratio is advantageous for attaining a high value of D (H)/Pd ratio.

[052] “High Hydrogen/Deuterium Loading in Thin Palladium Wire and Preliminary Calorimetric Results Obtained in Electrolytic Cells.” (D. Garbelli et al.)

[095] “A Gas-Loading Experiment as a Function of Temperature.” (F. Scaramuzzi et al.)

[096] “High Hydrogen Loading of Thin Palladium Wires through Alkaline-earth Carbonate Precipitation on the Cathodic Surface; Evidence for New Phases in the Pd-H System. Unexpected Problematics due to Bacteria Contamination in Heavy Water.” (F. Celani et al.)

[099] “An Experimental Protocol to Achieve H/Pd = 1 in Thin Wires with a Peculiar Electrolytic System and a Preliminary Study with a D/Pd System.” (A. Spallone et al.)

In China, there is an experiment with a film sample

[068] “Study of Deuterated Titanium TiD_x Sample by Using Nuclear Reaction Analysis and Material Analysis Methods.” (T. Wang et al.)

The sample is a Ti layer deposited on a Mo base and necessary conditions to obtain high value of D/Ti are investigated.

These experiments have attained high values of D (H)/Pd (Ti) ratio. It is, however, not clear that the correlation of the high qualitative reproducibility of CFP and the high value of D (H)/Pd (Ti) is established or not. In the TNCF model, it is more important to make the distribution of hydrogen isotopes inhomogeneous in depth than make the value of deuteron (hydrogen) density itself. In reality, many attempts to make their distribution inhomogeneous by parameter changes have shown their usefulness.

Our next theme is the protium system shortly described in the beginning of ICCF8 Report (3) given in the previous News No.15.

(4)-1. Cold Fusion Phenomenon (CFP) in Protium System. (Cf. “Discovery” Chapter 7)

The experiments introduced before by G. Miley observed the excess heat Q and NT in a multilayer sample [065], by R. Notoya observed Q and gamma ray in a porous Ni sample [036] and by H. Yamada observed Q and NT in multilayer sample [043] have shown occurrence of CFP in protium systems which had been investigated from 1991. There are more works on this system presented at ICCF8.

X.Z. Li et al. who had observed Q and NT (Zn and others) in H (D)/Pd systems (cf. “Discovery” 9.2e) presented experimental confirmation of their former work in cooperation with foreign research groups in Italy (De Ninno et al.) and US (Passell et al. [100])

[063] “Nuclear Transmutation in Various Metal Hydrides and Deuterides.”

[100] “Impurity Analysis of Palladium Exposed to D₂ and H_2.”

The data of X.Z. Li et al. showing a lot of Zn on the sample surface had been successfully analyzed by the TNCF model (“Discovery”11.12d). In the paper by Passell [100] it is confirmed the former data as follows: ”Its appearance in palladium exposed only to gaseous hydrogen removes that possibility [cathodic deposition from zinc impurity in the electrolyte] and suggests other possible sources. The only plausible source of a nuclear nature would seem to be the fission of Pd to a pair of elements in the region from Si to Ge, many of which would yield about 20 MeV per fission.”

An Italian group including S. Focardi of Bologna University had announced a shocking data of a large excess heat in Ni-H system in 1994 without following presentations of reliable data. (Cf. “Discovery” 7.1d). This time, in the Conference held in Italy, they presented good data on the protium system:

[109] “Ni-H Systems.”

“The most important experimental results obtained in the last years on the Ni-H system will be presented. In particular, we will report on 1) hydrogen absorption at low pressure (< 1 bar) and high temperature (500 - 700 K) in Ni, 2) thermal power production up to 70 W for long period (up to 10 months), 3) control capability on the power production, 4) experimental evidence of neutron and gamma rays emission, and 5) detection of several chemical elements different from Ni and H on the specimen surface.”

If we can assume the same sample size as before (5mmφX 90mm), then the S/V ratio is 8.2 and the output power of 70 W corresponds to a density of 40W/cm^{3} which is ranked at a high level in CF experiments. Focardi et al. observed also neutrons, which are, compared the data by Bressani et al. of the neutron energy spectra in Pd-D systems (cf. “Discovery” 6.2c). It is desirable to have an energy spectrum of the neutron observed in Ni-H system, which makes identification of the nuclear reactions in the system generating Q and neutron. We can expect their cooperation with the group in Milano University. It is also true about the gamma ray spectrum, which makes possible to compare the experimental results with our theory.

T. Ohmori et al. in Hokkaido University had been working successfully with protium systems and presented a new experiment of high-voltage discharge in liquids observing Q and NT.

(4)-2.CFP in Deuterium System (cf. “Discovery” Section 6)

Many groups working with D_{2}O with positive results have shown also progress in their researches with elevated qualitative reproducibility.

In Japan, A. Takahashi et al. of Osaka University [014] has observed Q and He-4 in PdD system and K. Ota et al. of Yokohama University [090] has observed a little Q in Ni (Pd) /H₂O+K₂CO₃ (D₂O+LiOD) system.

[014] “Search for Coherent Deuteron Fusion by Beam and Electrolysis Experiments.”

[090] “Some Experimental Results on Heat Measurements during Water Electrolysis.”

In Italy, G. Mengoli et al. observed Q and gamma in Ti (D₂O+K₂CO₃) system without identification of the nuclear reactions causing the heat.

[007] “Anomalous Effects induced by D₂O Electrolysis at Titanium.”

A group of D. Chicea et al., Univ. of Lucian Blaga of Sibiu in Romania presented an experimental result:

[054] “Experimental Evidence of Nuclear Reactions in Deuterated Titanium Samples under Non-equilibrium Conditions induced by Temperature Variation.”

They observed bursts of neutron emission from TiDx when the temperature had changed between 70‐1050K.

Chernov et al. of Tomsk Polytechnical University, Russia have been working with electrolytic system and presented their data in Russian Conferences held annually. This time, they could present their interesting data at ICCF8 held in Italy not so far from Russia.

[001] “Change of Lithium Isotopic Composition during Hydrogen Charge of Titanium.”

[061] “Excess Heat Release upon Hydrogen Isotopes Electrolytical Saturation into Metals Covered by Porous Films.”

The work [001] has shown clearly elevation of Li-6 relative density compared with Li-7 in the frontier of diffusion into cathode materials. This fact is as expected from the mass difference of the diffusing isotopes and is advantageous for the TNCF model explaining some features of CFP by the n-Li-6 reaction. The work [061] has shown an interesting effect of a porous film on the cathode to improve the qualitative reproducibility in the excess heat generation.

In US, many have also performed electrolytic experiments. We have introduced the data by M. McKubre et al. [029] (cf. News No.15, (3)-1).

J. Dash et al. of Portland State University have obtained a similar data in Ti cathode to that in Pd cathode done before (cf. “Discovery” 9.1h).

[006] “Effect of Cold Work on the Amount of Excess Heat Produced during the Electrolysis of Heavy Water with Titanium Cathodes.”

In this experiment, they observed Q and NT including Si, S, Fe, Cr, and Al and so on by an amount up to 8% of Ti.

E. Storms had been working in electrolytic experiments of Pd/D systems for 11 years and presented this time an experiment on Pt/D_{2}O + LiOD.

[032] “Excess Power Production in Pt Cathodes using the Fleischmann-Pons Effects.”

He observed sporadic generation of the excess heat in proportion with the electrolytic current.

M.H. Miles of Naval Research Laboratory presented his data obtained in Japan in 1998 done as a part of the NHE project.

[058] “Calorimetric Studies of Palladium Alloy Cathodes Using Fleischmann -Pons Dewar Type Cells.”

There is a controversy on the estimation of the excess heat observed in the experiment. He presented a positive data of the excess power about 0.2 W (0.6 W/cm^{3}) according to his method of calibration from alloy cathodes Pd-B, Pd-Ce-B, Pd-Ce having S/V ratios about 10. In the final report of NHE Laboratory, on the contrary, the data was classified to null results contradicting with the conclusion by M.H. Miles. It is difficult to determine an exact value of experimental observation if the event is sporadic and has small value.

(4)-3 Discharge and High Energy Ion Bombardment

There have been performed several experiments of CFP in systems with glow discharges in gases, with arc discharges and with high-energy ion bombardments (down to few keV) with positive results. When the energy of D ion is above 1 keV, the situation in the solid is different from those where occurs CFP. The motion of D ion with this energy is outside of the condition for the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and the result cannot be extrapolated to the situation of lower energies.

In the case of glow discharge, the ion colliding with the cathode has not so high energy as estimated from the applied voltage and might be treated in the frame of CFP. Only titles of the papers are listed below. Other experiments of low energy nuclear reactions in solids and theoretical works will be introduced in the following issues if possible.

[021] “The Problems with Reproducibility in a Gas Glow Discharge are a Consequence of a Nature of Process?” (I.B. Savvatimova)

{078} “Registration of a Superfluous Heat at Sorption-Desorption Hydrogen.” (V.A. Romodanov et al.)

[084] “Analysis of Excess Heat Power Production, Impurity Elements Produced in the Cathode Material and Nuclear Products Results in Experiments with High-current Glow Discharge.” (A.B. Karabut)

Those investigations made in Russia have given excellent positive results as introduced in my book already (cf. “Discovery” 6.4e and 9.1c). (To be continued.)

2) Concluding Remarks given by F. Scaramuzzi.

Dr. F. Scaramuzzi, Chairman of ICCF8, has concluded the Conference on the last day by listing impressive points as follows (according to the Summary given by Alternative Energy Institute Inc. in its home page)

1. There was strong confirmation by McKubre, Arata and Takahashi of excess heat, He-4, along with correlation of heat production relative to He-4 produced. So, yes, cold fusion exists and is nuclear in origin.

2. There was significant work on Pd, charging modes and mechanisms by Frascati and Celani.

3. An important and definitive trend toward using small dimensional Pd pieces such as powder, wire and thin films emerged, and it appears that high surface area to volume samples charge more readily.

4. The measurement of nuclear products as a result of cold fusion is very alive.

5. Many theoretical works were presented, and Scaramuzzi found some of them interesting and some questionable. He favors the theories based on coherence catalyzed by a lattice of Pd using de Broglie waves with coherent phases.

6. Production of excess heat by cold fusion is real and of nuclear origin. This is verified now and is quite sure.

The sentence in 5, ”---on coherence catalyzed by a lattice of Pd using de Broglie waves with coherent phases.” is difficult to understand clearly but seems related with the local coherence of neutron Bloch waves due to the band edge effect shown in the paper appeared in Fusion Technology (Vol. 36, p.337 (1999)).

3) Concluding Remarks by H. Kozima―What revealed at ICCF8.

In a presentation at ICCF8, I have given a comment on the general tendency of researches in our community that is disturbing establishment of science of cold fusion. I would like to write down some of typical points in it here.

1. In the research field in its infantile stage, accumulation of knowledge should be rated at the top to avoid confusion by sporadic presentation of experimental data neglecting previous results. We have had several presentations without citation of similar previous works as if the data is the brand-new one.

2. Presentation of an experimental data should be accompanied with what kinds of measurement are performed and what are observed or not observed in the experiment To promote researches in this field, ambiguous expressions should be avoided as far as possible. I have used words “conceptual barrier and patent barrier” to express obstacles preventing sound development of CF science. The former has appeared as a result of cohesion to some biased concepts in critical opinion against CFP and also in presentations by researchers in this field. The latter we have encountered in many presentations at ICCFs.

3. We have to clearly recognize own methodology in performing theoretical and experimental works. Recognition of each methodology makes dialogue between experiment and theory fruitful.

4. To develop new science not known before, it is necessary to recognize what is new in the experimental results or in theoretical models and calculation. If the science is really new, there should be a new factor, expressed as a missing factor in my book “Discovery”, not noticed before. We can concentrate in the missing factor in investigation and in critics to promote science of CF.

Some concrete problems are pointed out below.

5. There have several experimental data of simultaneous observations of Q and He-4 and also Q and NT. In the presentation at ICCF8, there are also some additions to these data. This is a clear proof of the nuclear origin of the excess heat Q. If Q is generated by nuclear reactions, it is possible to take a liberated energy per a reaction as about 5 MeV. Then, Q (MeV)/5 and number of generated nuclei N are compared quantitatively. From our analyses of many experimental data sets, it has become clear that Q/5 is comparable with 3N showing the cause of the excess heat is not restricted to a reaction generating a kind of nuclear products observed but several (cf.. “Discovery” Tables 11.2 and 11.3).

6. Occurrence of CFP in the protium system is confirmed again at ICCF8. Many data sets with positive results in various H-system show clearly CFP is a characteristic of a system composed of solids including high-density hydrogen isotopes at near room temperature. To explain CFP as a whole systematically and consistently, it is definitely necessary to consider D- and H-systems together seeking a common missing factor for them even if it is possible to explain them by different causes in each system. Choice of a viewpoint is a matter of one’s aesthetics.