ICCF6　Report (1) (H. Kozima, Cold Fusion 20, 48 (1996))

6^th International Conference on Cold Fusion (1996)

The Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion sponsored by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Department Organization of Japan) had been held from October 14 to 17, 1996 in Hokkaido, JAPAN. Following is a private brief report of the conference by the writer for convenience of the reader to know the present status of Cold Fusion research in the world. Emphasis is on the Plenary presentations with some attention on the Poster presentations. Details should be consulted with the Proceedings of the Conference which will be published soon.

1996. 10. 14.

14 - 1 Opening Ceremony

14 - 2 Helium and Heat Correlation (9:00 - 12:00)

001 X-Ray, Heat Excess and {4}He in the Electrochemical Confinement of Deuterium in Palladium - Gozzi, D. (Italy)

002 Mass Spectroscopic Search for Helium in Effluent Gas and Palladium Cathodes of D₂O Electrolysis Cells Involving Excess Power - Isagawa, S. (Japan)

003 Achievement of Solid-State Plasma Fusion ("Cold Fusion") - Arata, Y. (Japan)

DS cathode (Pd-black in Ti, Ni and Pd tubes of 5 cm × 2 cmφ was used to occlude deuterium into Pd by electrolysis for six months. Excess heat generated in DS cathode was observed. The reporter proposed a mechanism of d - d fusion by "latticequake" (analogy of earthquake).

004 Heat and Helium Measurements Using Palladium and Palladium Alloys in Heavy Water - Miles, M.H. (U.S.A.)

005 Further Measurements on {4}He Production from Pd/D₂ Systems in Gas Phase - Botta, E. (Italy)

006 Study of Excess Heat and Nuclear Products with Closed D₂O Electrolysis System - Yasuda, K. (Japan)

14 - 3 Poster Previews (14:00 - 15:00)

14 - 4 Cold Fusion Activities in Russia (20:00 - 21:00)

007 On Cold Fusion Activities in Russia - Samsonenko, N. and Tsare, V (Russia)

Special Lecture (21:00 - 22:00)

008

1996. 10. 15

15 - 1 NHE Session　(9:00 - 11:00)

009 Material Behavior of Highly Deuterium Loaded Palladium by Electrolysis - Asami, N. (Japan)

010 Development and Experiments on a Flow Calorimetry System - Kubota, A. (Japan)

011 Excess Heat in Fuel-Cell Type Cells from Pure Pd Cathodes Annealed at High Temperature - Kamimura, H. (Japan)

012 Study on Material Processing and Treatment for High Deuterium Loading - Senjuh, T. (Japan)

013 New Hydrogen Energy Research at SRI International - McKubre, M. (U.S.A)

15 - 2 Excess Heat I (11:20 - 12:00)

014 The ICARUS 9 Calorimetry: Summary of Three Years Designing, Testing and Operation of this Device at the IMRA Europe Science Center - Pons, S. (France)

015 High Power μ s Pulsed Electrolysis Using Long and Thin Pd wires in Very Diluted LiOD-D₂O Solution: Observation of Anomalous Excess Heat - Celani, F. (Italy)

016 Some Thoughts on the Nature of the Nuclear-Active Regions in Palladium - Storms, E. (U.S.A.)

15 - 3 Poster Previews (14:00 - 15:00)

15 - 4 CETI Session (20:00 - 21:00)

017 Electrical Control of New Hydrogen Energy Reactions - Cravens, D. (U.S.A.)

018 Design Considerations for Multi-layer Thin-film Patterson-Type Microspheres - Miley, G.H. (U.S.A.)

019 Experimental Observation of Massive Transmutations Occurring in Multi-layer Thin-Film Microspheres after Electrolysis - Miley, G.H. (U.S.A.)

020 Electrochemistry and Calorimetry in a Packed-Bed Flow-Through Electrochemical Cell - McKubre, M. (U.S.A.)

021 Producing Excess Enthalpy and Nuclear Reactor Products in the Patterson Power Cell{TM} with Near 100% Reproducibility - Nix, J.A. (U.S.A.)

022 Analysis of Reaction Products from a CETI Cell - Claytor, T.N. (U.S.A.)

15 - 5 Special Session on Transmutation (21:00 - 22:00)

TS001 Analysis of Nickel-Hydrogen Isotope System on TNCF Model - Kozima, H. (Japan)

TS002 Nuclear Transmutation in Cold Fusion Experiments - Kozima, H. (Japan)

TS003 Isotopic Distribution for the Elements Evolved in Palladium Cathode after Electrolysis in D₂O Solution - Mizuno, T. (Japan)

T. Mizuno (Hokkaido Univ.) "Excess Heat and Nuclear Products in Oxide Proton Conductors and Pd/D System by Electrolysis"

In the proton conductor and Pd/D₂O + LiOD, the excess heat and the nuclear transmutation were investigated. In the samples with the excess heat, there appeared very many kinds of new elements, which were not in the original sample, and the change of isotope ratios. The elements were found to distribute inhomogeneously in the surface layer of a thickness 1 μ m in the sample. The generated elements could be divided into four groups by mass numbers $A$; 1) $A$ with less than 50, 2) from 50 to 80, 3) from 100 to 140 and 4) from 180 to 210. Each group has its characteristic in the amount and its dependence on the mass number.

T. Mizuno et al. Fusion Technol.} 29}, 385 (1996)

Comment. Many observations of the nuclear transmutation (NT) have been reported in recent years including those in NHE Symposium 96 ( 4― 1, 4― 2, 4― 5}) and those in RCCFNT4 ( 20― 2, 22― 4}). It seems that there is confusion about the explanation of the experimental results in NT. The most reliable mechanism of NT might be the TNCF mechanism proposed by the writer as shown in the comments to the reports 4― 1} and 4― 2}.

TS004 Production of Heavy Metal Elements and the Anomalous Surface Structure of the Electrode Produced during the Light Water Electrolysis on Au Electrode - Ohmori, T. (Japan)

T. Ohmori (Hokkaido Univ.) "Isotope Composition of Heavy Metal Elements Generated in Au-H₂O Electrolysis and Surface Structure of the Electrodes"

In the electrolysis of Au/H₂O + Na₂SO₄ (Na₂CO₃) with current densities larger than 200 mA/cm², many elements were observed in the deposit with different isotope ratios from the natural ones. Most abundant elements were Ag, Hg, Pt, Os and Zn. Also observed was a strange structure of the electrode surface after the electrolysis.

Comment. The most of the observed change of the isotope ratios could be explained by the thermal neutron absorption and the successive beta decay. For instance, the decrease of ¹⁹⁹Hg and the increase of ²⁰⁰Hg are explained by the large neutron absorption cross section of the former of 2 × 10³ barns.

TS005 Nuclear reactions Caused by Electrolysis in Light and Heavy Water Solutions - Notoya, R. (Japan)

R. Notoya (Hokkaido Univ.) "Nuclear Reactions induced by Electrolysis of Alkaline Solution with H₂O and D₂O"

In the electrolysis of Ni, Pt/H₂O(D₂O)+LiOH(Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, Rb₂SO₄, Cs₂SO₄) systems, the excess heat, gamma, neutron and tritium were measured. Results showed the neutron absorption reaction had been occurred by every alkaline nuclei.

Comment. This result showed the validity of the writer's analyses published hitherto and also the result presented in this symposium (3― 5 and to be published in this journal).

TS006 The Experimental Discovery of the Phenomenon of Controlling and Changing Probability and Time of Spontaneous Decay and Gamma-Transmutation of Excited Nuclei Statuses - Vysotskii, V.I. (Ukraine)

TS007 Experimental Discovery of the Phenomenon of Low-Energy Nuclear Transmutation of Isotopes (⁵⁵Mn→⁵⁷Fe) in Glowing Biological Cultures - Vysotskii, V.I. (Ukraine)

1996. 10. 16}

16 - 1 Material Science Studies(9:00 - 11:00)

023 Progress Report on the Research Activities on Cold Fusion at ENEA Frascati - Violante, V. (Italy)

024 Searching of Neutron Emissions Induced by Electrical Currents and Phase Transitions in Titanium Deuteride Films - Sanchez, C. (Spain)

025 Calorimetric Enthalpies in the β-phase Regions of Pd black-H(D) Systems - Sakamoto, Y. (Japan)

K. Takai (Nagasaki Univ.) "Resolution-Dissociation Heat of Hydrogen (Deuterium) Dissolved in Pd-black and Pd-7.5% Rh Alloy"

To investigate the origin of the excess heat, resolution-dissociation heat was measured in Pd-black and Pd{92.5}Rh{7.5} alloy which were supposed to be the most high H occluding samples in the temperature range of −78.5 〜 50 degC. All heat production in their sample was able to interpret by chemical reactions.

Y. Sakamoto et al. J. Phys.; Condense. Matter.} 8}, 3229 (1996).

026 Parameters affecting the Loading of Hydrogen Isotopes into Palladium Cathodes - Tanzella, F.L. (U.S.A.)

027 Sustentation of Higher Deuterium Loading Ratio in Palladium - Terazawa, t. (Japan)

028 In Situ Determination of Structural Changes Accompanying the Electrochemical Absorption of Deuterium in Pd Using Synchrotron-Wiggler Radiation - Hagans, P.L. (U.S.A.)

16 - 2 Excess Heat II (11:20 - 12:00)

029 Cold Fusion Phenomena in Modified Fleischmann-Pons Electrolytic Cells - Preparata, G. (Italy)

030 Excess Heat Measurements at High Cathode Loading by Deuterium During Electrolysis of Heavy Water - Kunimatsu, K. (Japan)

K. Kunimatsu (IMRA Japan Co. Ltd) "Deuterium Occlusion Characteristic into Pd Electrode"

The works done in IMRA Japan until now were surveyed in the following items.

1. Determination of D/Pd by the electric resistance of the sample― Measurement of the calibration curve ($R$/$R${0} vs. D/Pd).

2. Increase of D/Pd ratio by occlusion/desorption repetition process and the size change of Pd cathode in the process.

3. The surface modification by thiourea and the characteristics of D occlusion.

4. The excess heat measurement during the D₂O electrolysis.

5.. Investigation of the hydrogen occlusion process into the Pd (111) cathode by SXRD (Surface X-ray diffraction) using SOR radiation.D/Pd 〜 1 was attained. The experimental results obtained in SRI International were almost reconfirmed.

J. Minato et al., Proc. ICCF 5, 383 (1995).

1996. 10. 17

17 - 1 Nuclear Physics Approach (9:00 - 10:40)

031 Tritium Production from Palladium and Palladium Alloys - Claytor, T.N. (U.S.A.)

032 Reactor Rates of the D + D Reactor in Metal at Very Low Energies - Kasagi, J. (Japan)

J. Kasagi (Tohoku Univ.) "Low Energy D + D Reaction in Metals"

D + D fusion reaction rate was measured with targets Ti and Yb occluding D down to 2.4 keV of the bombarding deuteron energy E_d. Interesting results were obtained that the fusion cross-section was enhanced up to 20% compared with in vacuum in the energy region of E_d less than 5 keV. (A part of this work was presented at RCCFNT4 1996, Sochi).

J. Kasagi et al. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 64, 777, 3718 (1995).

033 Optical Theorem Formulation and Gamow Factor Cancellation for Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions - Kim, Y.E. (U.S.A.)

034 Correlation between Behavior of Deuterium in Palladium and Occurrence of Nuclear Reactions Observed by Simultaneous Measurement of Excess Heat and Nuclear Products - Iwamura, Y. (Japan)

Y.Iwamura, "Reaction Products (tritium, neutron, gamma and X) from Pd(D) System Heated in Vacuum" (Mitsubishi Heavy Industry)

Pd(D) sample occluded by electrolysis had been covered with Cu thin film on the surface made by electrolysis to prevent loss of deuterium in the following treatments. The sample was investigated with neutron detector, mass spectrometer for DT detection and X ray detector. n, t and X ray were detected for some samples without correlation between them.

035 Measurement of the Neutron Emission and Nuclear Products from Na{x}WO{3} in the Deuterium DC Plasma Environment - Yamaguchi, E. (France)

17 - 2 Innovative Approach (11:00 - 12:00)

036 A Confirmation of Anomalous Thermal Power Generation from a Proton-Conducting Oxide - Oriani, R.A. (U.S.A.)

037 Solid Protonic Conductors: Conductivity, Structure, Proton Traps, Phase Transition, Excess Heat and Neutron Anti-Effect - Samgin, A.L. (Russia)

17 - 3 Excess Energy and Nuclear Product (14:00 - 16:00)

038 Radiationless Cold Fusion: Why Small "Crystals" Are Better, N{cell} Requirement, and Energy Transfer to Lattice - Chubb, T.A. (U.S.A.)

039 Measurements of Excess Heat and Nuclear products in Pd-D₂O System Using Twin Open Type Electrolysis Cells - Fukuoka, H. (Japan)

040 Excess Heat Production and Nuclear Ashes in PdO/Pd/PdO Hetero-structure After Electrochemical Saturation With Deuterium - Lipson, A.G. (Russia)

A. Lipson et al., "Heat Production, Nuclear Ashes and Electrophysical Processes in Hetero-structure PdO/Pd/PdO saturated with Deuterium by Electrochemical Method"

1) Thermal burst, 2) neutron emission and 3) gamma spectra from the hetero-structure cathode occluded D(H) by electrolysis of (I) D₂O+NaOD and (II) H₂O+KOH solution were measured a) under natural background neutron and b) with artificial ²⁵²Cf neutron source. Synchronous signals of 1) and 2) were measured and compared each other. The most remarkable result would be the gamma spectra with large peaks at 2.2, 3.8, 4.2, 6.3 MeV and small signals up to 9.5 MeV which are the first clear measurement of the gamma spectrum. The peaks at 2.2 and 6.3 MeV were attributed by the authors to the following reactions:

n + p = d + gamma (2.2 MeV),

n + d = t + gamma (6.25 MeV).

With ²⁵²Cf neutron source, a strong peak at 〜 5 MeV appeared.

C. There was no explanation for the peaks except at 2.2 and 6.3 MeV.

The present writer proposed the following reaction for the peak at 4.2 MeV:

n + ¹⁶O = ¹⁷O + gamma (4.2 MeV).

Furthermore, the peak at 3.8 MeV might be related with reactions including Na in the electrolyte, for instance

n + ²³Na = ²⁴Na* = ²⁴Mg + e‐ + ν_e + gamma.

Thus, the observed γ-spectrum could be used to show the existence of the trapped thermal neutron interacting with various lattice nuclei at special sites.

041 Dynamic Movement of Hydrogen Isotopes in Pulsed Mode Electrolysis - Okamoto, M. (Japan)

M. Okamoto (Tokyo Inst. Technology) "Modes of Electrolysis and NHE Phenomenon"

To confirm the condition for the generation of the excess heat such as observed in SRI International, experiments on Pd/D₂O + LiOD system were conducted with cathodes of 25 × 10 × 0.1 (0.5, 1.0) mm{3}. For the electrolysis, L-H mode with a period of 3 h was used. It was determined that the period longer than 3 h induced a change of D/Pd due to the current density. The correlation of the excess heat and the neutron emission was observed in a case.

Comment. The surface layer of an alkali metal and/or an alkaline alloy with the cathode metal was noticed in the investigation of the cold fusion phenomenon as we see in reports 3― 3, 4― 6, 4― 7,} and 4― 9}. This is in accordance with the common recognition of the necessary inhomogeneity for the realization of the cold fusion phenomenon. From the writer's point of view on the TNCF model, the surface layer is essential to the trapping of the thermal neutron and to the initiation of the trigger reactions as explained in the report 3−5.

042 Correlation of Excess Heat and Neutron Emission in Pd-LiOD Electrolysis - Ogawa, H. (Japan)

043 "Excess Heat" Measurement in Gas-Loading (D/Pd) System - Li, X.Z. (China)

17 - 4 Summary (16:00 - 17:00)

１． Organization

The Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion (ICCF6) sponsored by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) and supported by ANRE (Agency of Natural Resouurces and Energy) in MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan) was held October 14 - 17, 1996 in Hokkaido, Japan.

There were 177 participants from 16 countries and were presented 98 papers in Oral, Special and Poster Sessions. Countries (No. of participants) were as follows: Japan (91), U.S.A. (39), Italy (15), Russia (8), France (6), China (4), India (1), Spain (1) and others (14). Every papers were presented at Poster Session in the afternoon of the first two days though they were divided into three categories; Oral (39 papers), Special (7) and Poster (52). Presentation of Oral papers in front of audience was in a time of 10, 20 or 40 minutes, that of Special was 5 minutes and Preview of Poster was in 2 minutes.

The Conference was very well organized: The brochure of Program and Abstracts (one page each) was published in time by the reception on October 13. The manuscript of each paper to be published in Proceedings of the Conference was requested to send by October 17 to the Organizing Committee. This strict regulation for the authors of the paper will make the publication of the Proceedings by December 1996 or January 1997 at latest.

2. Scientific

There were several remarkable experimental results showing clearly the cold fusion phenomenon. Several papers presented results of simultaneous observation of the excess heat and the nuclear products with improved accuracy than the data obtained before. Their results will be introduced in the following issues of this Journal in detail.

There exist two main artificial difficulties in the investigation of the cold fusion phenomenon caused by (1) Conceptual and (2) Patent barriers.

(1) Conceptual barrier.

There remains in the cold fusion society a strong persistence in the d - d fusion and in the quantitative reproducibility, which are conceptual barriers to develop a scheme of the cold fusion.

(a) Nuclear reactions in cold fusion materials.

It is a matter of course that the d - d fusion occurs effectively at such a high collision energy as 200 keV. The objection against the cold fusion phenomenon have based on this common sense in the nuclear physics neglecting other possibilities to induce nuclear reactions in solids. The same prejudice seems to persist in the cold fusion society trying to explain nuclear products only by the d - d fusion reactions.

(b) Reproducibility.

The physical and chemical processes occurring in complex systems like cold fusion materials are inevitably stochastic (or with probability). Therefore, a cause does not lead to an effect but several effects with definite probabilities. We have to recognize clearly the qualitative nature of the reproducibility for the effects in the cold fusion phenomenon including the excess heat, nuclear products and transmuted nuclei. One-to-one correspondence of a cause and an effect could be obtained by a statistical average where it has a meaning.

The critics against the cold fusion phenomenon have based on the lack of the strict, quantitative reproducibility in it neglecting the statistical nature of the physical processes such as diffusion of atoms, collision of two particles, spontaneous decay of neutron occurring in the material. The same prejudice is also felt to remain in our society as a tendency to pursue only decisive causality in vain

Recognition of possible existence of other nuclear reactions than d - d fusion and the qualitative reproducibility will extend experimental and theoretical possibilities to establish cold fusion science and technology.

(2) Patent barrier.

It seems that the scientific data sometimes did not shown open by the Patent barrier. This situation makes the research in the cold fusion society very difficult by the lack of exact data and by the existence of closed communities in our society. To construct the sound foundation of the cold fusion science, it is necessary to communicate freely.

3. News paper and financial support.

A Japanese news paper (Nihon Keizai Shinbun 'Japan Economic Times') reported September 21, 1996 that NHE Demonstration Program in Japan will be elongated at least to 1997 fiscal year by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Technology. The article is as follows (translated into English by the present writer): "ANRE (Agency of Natural Resources and Energy) decided to start a new experiment to justify the cold fusion phenomenon. Quantitative detection of nuclear products such as tritium will be started to check the occurrence of fusion reaction. Supposing it is necessary to give enough time to conclude the final decision, the Program supposed to finish this year will be elongated by one year. However, suspicious opinion against the cold fusion is prevailing internationally and the decision to elongate the Program will face strong critics."

"The cold fusion is a theory predicting a nuclear fusion occurs in electrolytic system with heavy water. ANRE has been engaged in the demonstration experiment supporting New Hydrogen Energy Laboratory from 1993 fiscal year. However, the schedule was retarded behind the plan, and also the excess energy from other than chemical reaction and nuclear products showing fusion reaction have not established."

"For these reasons, ANRE decided to introduce apparatus to measure tritium, Helium and gamma to detect the occurrence of nuclear fusion reaction. The apparatus to be introduced has high sensitivity and the presence of fusion reaction in the cold fusion materials will be determined."

Unfortunately, there had not appeared on Japanese newspaper any news about ICCF6 during the term of the Conference. This situation is somewhat curious considering the official support to ICCF6 given by the MITI, Japan.

On the end of the Conference, it was announced that the Advisory Committee of ICCF6 decided that the first candidate of the next conference location is the North American continent hosted by ENECO and the next candidate is Italy. It was said that ICCF7 would be held in Vancouver, Canada.

Several excellent papers reporting experimental results showing the existence of the cold fusion phenomenon will be introduced in following issues of this Journal. Theoretical treatments of experimental data obtained before ICCF6 and the explanation of TNCF model given in ICCF6 will be published also in this Journal soon.

ICCF6　Report (2) (H. Kozima, Cold Fusion 20, 50 (1996))

Abstract

Four reports on the excess heat and helium generations and the nuclear transmutation are introduced in this report. Those presentations are decisive proofs of the existence of the cold fusion phenomenon for skeptic if any showing undeniable experimental results by perfect techniques.

In the previous Report (1), an outline of ICCF6 was explained. In this Report (2), we will introduce four excellent presentations of the electrolytic experiments. There were measured the excess heat Q, the excess heat Q and ⁴He, and the unambiguous nuclear transmutation (NT) of ¹⁰B in a sample which had generated the excess heat Q.

(1) "Measurement of the Excess Heat with a New Calorimeter" by Roulette, Roulette and Pons{1}

A novel high power dissipating heat flow calorimetric system ICARUS 9{1} developed at IMRA Europe has been used to investigate the generation of excess enthalpy in the electrolysis of D₂O electrolytes at Pd and Pd alloy cathodes.

The unique feature of this calorimeter are, by the authors, (a) the ability to make long term measurements for (b) extended time periods (up to several months) at (c) high input powers and at high electrolyte temperatures (up to the atmospheric pressure boiling point of the electrolyte, and (d) there is negligible loss of the electrolyte due to evaporation and (e) there is no recombination of the evolved deuterium and oxygen in the cell.

They obtained the data shown in a Table reproduced in a paper{1'} where analyzed them{1}. Experimental data shown in this table exhibits characteristics of the cold fusion phenomenon: (1) Qualitative reproducibility of the events (excess heat generation in this case) in an experimental set-up, (2) a long time (few months in this case) necessary to realize the condition to generate cold fusion products (the excess heat) and (3) contrast of the high maximum output-to-input power ratio (up to 250%) and the moderate average ratio (6.6 〜 20.6%).

(2) "Measurement of the Excess Heat with a Thin and Long Pd Wire Cathode" by F. Celani et al.^2}

An Italian group in Frascati made a fine experiment^2} showing the excess heat generation with high qualitative reproducibility. They used thin and long pure Pd wires (mainly 100 μmφ×160 cm) wound around a cylinder (with a diameter 4 cmφ as a cathode for both high voltage DC electrolysis and high power-high frequency electrolysis (peak current up to 25 A, peak voltage up to 270 V, pulse width 2 × 10² 〜 5 × 10⁴ ns, repetition rate 10² 〜 5 × 10⁴ Hz) in a dilute solution 0.25 mN LiOD - D₂O (LiOH - H₂O). The anode was a Pt wire (1 mmφ wound around a cylinder with a diameter 2 cmφ co-axial to the cathode.

The excess heat was measured by a flow calorimeter. They detected the excess heat with a high qualitative reproducibility. The average excess heat was 〜 20% (D₂O) and 〜 10% (H₂O) of the input energy. The maximum excess heat in the case of D₂O was 70 W (200%).

The experimental data of this work has been analyzed^2') on the TNCF model giving a consistent explanation of the data.

(3) "Measurement of the Excess Heat and Helium with Thin Pd Wire Cathode" by D. Gozzi et al.{3}

Elaborate experimental works done by a group in the University of Rome after the discovery of the cold fusion phenomenon in 1989 have shown the reality of the excess heat generation in the PdD{x}/Li cathode though the nuclear products had not been proved definitely their existence until {4}He was detected in this recent work.

The presentation³⁾ given in the ICCF6 has shown the simultaneous generation of the excess heat up to 80% of the input energy and of {4}He well above the background level. The X-ray of an energy 89 ±1 keV was measured and identified its origin as from the central part of the cathode which was a bundle of Pd wire of a diameter 250 μφ and a length 40 mm. This result showed clearly that the origin of the excess heat was a nuclear reaction in or on the Pd wire of the cathode.

The authors of the work{3} analyzed their data on an assumption that the nuclear reaction was

d + d = ^{4}He + gamma (23.8 MeV).

They concluded on this assumption that the ratio of the events generating the excess heat N{Q} and helium N{He} was smaller than unity;

N_Q/N_He ≦ 1,

with almost all values in a range 0.2 〜 0.4.

The data obtained in this work have been analyzed{3'} on the TNCF model and the result was consistent with other data obtained in other samples with various situations where the reaction generating {4} was assumed as

n + ^{6}Li = ^{4}He (2.1 MeV) + t (2.7 MeV).

(4) "Detection of a Nuclear Transmutation in a Heat Generating Pd Cathode" by T.O. Passel{4}

A Pd cathode with a total surface area 60 cm^2} and a thickness 25 μm (with a weight 0.9 g) used in an experiment with an electrolytic solution D₂O + 1.0 M LiOD + 200 ppm Al producing the excess heat of 0.56 MJ was subjected upon comparing measurements of the prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) using thermal neutrons in beams from research reactors. A result showed an 〜 18% reduction in the boron impurity ¹⁰B. The author (T.O.Passell) had tried to interpret the result on the hypothesis that some reaction other than D + D was the likely heat and helium-4 producing nuclear reaction and took up a reaction

　¹⁰B + d → ⁴He + ⁸Be,

followed by the breakup of ⁸Be into two more ⁴He.

This assumed reaction is compatible with the absence of gamma, the author's most troubling experimental fact, but is equally difficult to understand to occur in solid as D + D fusion reaction without an energetic deuteron or a boron.

The result of this experiment has been analyzed^4'） on the TNCF model to give a consistent explanation where the reaction responsible to the decrease of {10}B was assumed as

n + ¹⁰B = ⁴He + ⁷Li

The above presentations given in ICCF6 were four of the experimental data, which confirmed definitely the cold fusion phenomenon. Judging fairly those experimental data, it is impossible to deny the existence of the nuclear reactions in solid in those situations of these experiments. Though there is no consent about the mechanism of these nuclear reactions, it should be noticed that the TNCF model^{5- 7）} is proposing a mechanism explaining whole experimental data consistently.

One characteristic of the electrolytic system deduced from the above data is effectiveness of the thin wire and plate Pd electrode to realize a necessary condition for the excess heat generation. This point was discussed more extensively in the paper^2’） cited above in connection with the second paper^2）.

References

(1) T. Roulette, J. Roulette and S. Pons, "The ICARUS 9 Calorimeter: Summary of Three Years Designing, Testing and Operation of this Device at the IMRA Europe Science Center", Proc. ICCF6 (to be published).

(1') H. Kozima, H. Hiroe, M. Nomura and M. Ohta, "Analysis of Fine Experimental Data of Heat Excess Generation in PdD_x/Li System",Cold Fusion 21 (to be published).

(2) F. Celani, A. Spallone, P. Tripodi, D. Di Giacchino, S. Pace, P. Marini, V. Di Stefano, M. Diocianiuti and A. Mancini, “High Power μs Pulsed Electrolysis Using Long and Thin Pd Wires in Very Dilute LiOD-D₂O Solution: Observation of Anomalous Excess Heat", Proc. ICCF6 (October 14 - 17, 1996, Hokkaido, JAPAN) (to be published).

(2') H. Kozima, M. Ohta, M. Nomura and K. Hiroe, "Thin Pd Wire Cathode is Effective for Excess Heat Generation" Cold Fusion (to be published).

(3) D. Gozzi, P.L. Cignini, M. Tomellini, S. Frullani, F. Galibaldi, F. Ghio, M. Jodice and G.M. Urciuoli, "Neutron and Tritium Evidence in the Electrolytic Reduction of Deuterium on Palladium Electrode", Fusion Technol 21, 60 (1992).

(3') H. Kozima, H. Hiroe, M. Nomura and M. Ohta, "Explanation of Experimental Data of X-ray, Heat Excess and ⁴He in PdD_x/Li System", Cold Fusion (to be published).

(4) T.O. Passell, "Search for Nuclear Reaction Products in Heat-Producing Palladium", Preprint to be published in Proc. ICCF6 (1996).

(4') H. Kozima, M. Nomura, K. Hiroe and M. Ohta, "Consistent Explanation of Experimental Data obtained in SRI International and EPRI" Cold Fusion (to be published).

(5) H. Kozima, "Trapped Neutron Catalyzed Fusion of Deuterons and Protons in Inhomogeneous Solids", Trans. Fusion Technol 26, 508 (1994).

(6) H. Kozima, "An Analysis of Experimental Data Using the TNCF Model", Cold Fusion 18, 30 (1996).

(7) H. Kozima, "On the Existence of the Trapped Thermal Neutron in Cold Fusion Materials", Preprint to be published in Proc. ICCF6 (1996).

ICCF6　Report (3) (H. Kozima, Cold Fusion 21, 27 (1997))

Abstract

Four reports on the excess heat and gamma spectrum measurements presented at ICCF6 are introduced in this report. In addition to the works introduced in the former report (2), those presentations are decisive proofs of the existence of the cold fusion phenomenon showing undeniable experimental results by excellent techniques.

In the previous Report (1)^1}, an outline of ICCF6 was explained. In the Report (2)²⁾, four excellent papers were introduced which showed undeniable existence of cold fusion phenomenon. There had been measured the excess heat Q, the excess heat Q and ⁴He, and the unambiguous nuclear transmutation (NT) of ¹⁰B in a sample which had generated the excess heat Q. The last work was a result of cooperation of two research groups.

In this Report (3), we will present brief introduction of four papers; one is on the excess heat measurement in a proton conductor. The other three reports are on the gamma spectrum, which has been not detected long since the beginning of the research in this field{3}, from cold fusion materials.

We will give through numbers for the papers in this report from the former Report (2).

(5) "A Confirmation of Anomalous Thermal Power Generation from a Proton-Conducting Oxide" by R.A. Oriani³⁾.

In the recent papers⁴⁾, Oriani had pointed out two problems in the isoperibolic calorimeter used widely in the experiments hitherto preventing the verification of excess heat generation. The two problems are summarized as follows: First, the steady-state thermocouple reading did not show correct, expected value when alternating d.c. power was applied to the specimen and produced a spatial distribution of input power different from that during calibration. Second, a change in the composition of the gas phase within the reactor caused a significant change of steady-state temperature.

To avoid these problems in the determination of the excess heat generation in ceramics, he had constructed a new Seebeck calorimeter operating at 400 degC⁴⁾ . Using the Seebeck calorimeter, he determined the amount of the excess heat in a proton conductor SrCe_0.9Y_0.08Nb_0.02 O_2.97, supplied by Dr. Mizuno of Hokkaido University, in D₂ gas at about 400 degC. The sample had a shape of a disk with dimensions of 2 cmφ × 0.1 cm and the faces of the disk had been thinly (300 nm) coated with metal, either Pd or PtMo.

Two of these specimens described above produced positive deviations from the calibration curve by more than four standard deviations so that thermal power was produced that was greater than the d.c. power of alternating polarity supplied to the specimen. The amount of the excess power was 0.7 W in both cases or relative amount of 0.7 and 0.8% of the input power.

There are some typical features of the cold fusion phenomenon in these experimental results: (a) The poor reproducibility, (b) the preparatory drive was sometimes necessary without any events and (c) some events without input power. We will make the author tell the results himself{4}.

(a) "It is clear that the ratio of experiments that can claim success in generating excess power to those which yields only points lying on the calibration line is small", as the author says.

(b) The author also says about the preparatory drive necessary for the excess heat generation in some case: "It is also worth recording that Run B developed excess power only after some days during which the determinations were on the calibration line, after which a lengthy, high-temperature continuous evacuation of the reactor and heating of the vacuum lines were carried out."

(c) Here is also an explanation of the events without input power by the author: "In several episodes excess power was produced without supplying any d.c. power."

The experimental data by Oriani was analyzed using the TNCF model consistently with other data in cold fusion and the result will be published elsewhere{4'}.

(6) "Hydrogen Isotope Effect Induced by Neutron Irradiation in Pd-LiOD (H) Electrolysis" by Y. Oya, H. Ogawa, T. Ono, M. Aida and M. Okamoto{5}.

In the experiment{5} where measured an effect of neutron irradiation on Pd/D(H)/Li - Pt system, a palladium sample was used which had shape of a spherical half-shell with an inner radius of 1.25 and an outer radius of 1.30 cm. The foreground (FR) and the background (BR) runs were with electrolytes LiOD + D{2}O and LiOH + H{2}O, respectively. A reference run (RR) was on Pt/D/Li - Pt system. Neutron energy spectrum, gamma spectrum and the excess heat with and without thermal neutron irradiation had been measured from which we will take up the latter two cases in this introduction.

1) Excess Heat

The excess heat had been determined by measurement of the electrolyte temperature T versus input power　P_in. They concluded that the excess powers of 1.5 to 2.5 W were generated in the FR case from their data. Though authors neglect the deviations from the calibration line in cases of BR and RR cases below P{in}< 3 W, we can see the excess heat generation not only in FR but also other runs (BR and RR). We have used the excess heat data to determine the density N{n} of the trapped neutron not forgetting the comment given above.

2) Gamma spectrum

The gamma spectrum up to 7.5 MeV was measured in the FR and BR cases without and with artificial thermal neutron irradiation from a {252}Cf source. The spectra showed many peaks of which up to 2.1 MeV had been identified the reactions which generate the corresponding photons by the authors. It should be noticed here the existence of the positron annihilation peak at 511 keV which has been measured also in another experiment^{6}.

Other peaks we will take up are those at 2.22, 5.49, 5.72, 6.15, 6.25, 7.09 MeV. Though the authors neglected a peak at 2.22 MeV (without ²⁵²Cf) and discarded the peaks at 2.22 and 6.25 MeV as they had the same intensities in FR and BR cases, it is necessary to give a consistent explanation of the existence of these peaks in the experimental data with other peaks in the spectrum.

We can see that the base levels of the spectra for FR and BR cases were clearly different. If this investigation is correct, we have to give an explanation of the existence and the intensity difference of the peaks at 2.22 and 6.25 MeV in FR and BR without and with irradiation.

The experimental results on the excess heat and the gamma spectrum were analyzed using the TNCF model and the result will be published elsewhere{5'}.

(7) "Nuclear Reaction Caused by Electrolysis in Light and Heavy Water Solution” by R. Notoya, T. Ohnishi and Y. Noya{6}.

In a series of experiments with Ni cathode in H{2}O (and D{2}O) solution of electrolytes K{2}CO{3} (and Li{2}CO{3}, Na{2}CO{3}, b{2}SO{4},Cs{2}SO{4}), Notoya et al.{6} observed nuclear transmutation (NT) and positron generation in the system by the observation of the gamma ray spectrum. In addition to the production of {40}K, {56}Co, {64}Cu and {65}Zn, they detected a 0.511 MeV line due to the positron annihilation.

In the case of a porous Ni cathode with a dimension of 1.0 × 0.5 × 0.1 cm{3} and a density 58% of Ni metal and a electrolytic solution of 0.5 M K₂CO₃ + H₂O (20 to 30 ml as a whole), they observed an increase of ⁴⁰K by 100% after 24 hours electrolysis and the annihilation gamma ray at 0.511 MeV. The increase by 100% in the solution corresponds to a generation of {40}K by 3.0 × 10{16} nuclei.

The intensity of the 0.511 MeV gamma ray corresponded to 2.53 × 10{-2} Bq of {64}Cu, by the authors' evaluation, after electrolysis of 50 hours. This value corresponds to 8.8 × 10{3} nuclei of {64}Cu which was absent prior to the experiment.

Whole data obtained by the authors are summarized as follows; (a) Gamma peaks due to {22}Na and {24}Na, {40}K, {89}Rb and {92}Sr, or {134}Cs and {135}Xe during each electrolysis of Na{+}, K{+}, Rb{+} or Cs{+}solution, respectively. (b) Gamma peaks due to {56}Co, {64}Cu and {65}Zn were shown in the cases of all electrolytes including even Li{+} solution. (c) A gamma peak due to the positron annihilation was also observed in every solution at 511 keV. (d) Liquid scintillation spectra showed the increment of tritium produced by electrolysis in all light and heavy water solutions except with Rb{+}.

An investigation on {40}K, {64}Cu and tritium events in this paper will be published elsewhere{6'}.

(8) "Excess Heat Production and Nuclear Ash in PdO/Pd/PdO Hetero-structure after Electrochemical Saturation with Deuterium" by A. G. Lipson, B.F. Lyakov, D. M. Sakov, V.A. Kuznetsov and T.S. Ivanova{7}.

1) A strong heat flush with duration of 2 - 7 s and energy density of 60 - 100 J/cm², 2) neutron emission, 3) gamma spectra and 4) electrophysical processes were measured in the hetero-structure cathode saturated with D(H) by electrolysis of (I) D₂O + NaOD and (II) H₂O+KOH solution. Thickness of Pd sample was 50 μ m and PdO coating was 500Å.

Neutron emission had a burst like character (with intensity up to I_n = 5 × 10² N/cm² in the time gate of 1 ms) and preceded the heat evolution. The gamma emission was detected in the process of deuterium desorption from the sample with intensity maxima in the ranges of 3.8 ± 0.5, 6.3 ± 0.2 MeV as well as the sharp low intensity line of 2.22 MeV (width of about 10 keV).

It was shown that Pd/PdO:D_x at ｘ≦10{-3} possessed metallic conductivity in the temperature range of 4.2 - 300 K.

These data have been analyzed on the TNCF model and the result will be published elsewhere{7'}. In the analysis, it will be shown that the peaks at 2.2, 3.8 and 6.3 MeV should be attributed to the fusion reactions of trapped neutron with proton, {18}O and deuteron, respectively. The metallic conductivity might be related with layers of alkali metals on the sample surface precipitated in the process of electrolytic saturation of hydrogen isotopes.

References

(1) H. Kozima, "ICCF6 Report (1)" Cold Fusion 20, 48 (1996).

(2) H. Kozima, "ICCF6 Report (2)" Cold Fusion 20, 50 (1996).

(3) H. Kozima, "On the Absence of Photon with 6.25 MeV and Neutron with 14.1 MeV in CF Experiments" Cold Fusion 15, 12 (1996).

(4) R.A. Oriani, "An Investigation of Anomalous Thermal Power Generation from a Proton-Conducting Oxide" Fusion Technol. 30, 281 (1996); R.A. Oriani, "A Confirmation of Anomalous Thermal Power Generation from a Proton-Conducting Oxide" Proc. ICCF6 (October 14 - 17, 1996, Hokkaido, Japan) (to be published).

(4') H. Kozima, K. Hiroe, M. Nomura and M. Ohta, "Analysis of Excess Heat Generation in a Proton Conductor" Cold Fusion (1997) (to be published).

(5) Y. Oya, H. Ogawa, T. Ono, M. Aida and M. Okamoto, "Hydrogen Isotope Effect Induced by Neutron Irradiation in Pd-LiOD (H) Electrolysis" Proc. ICCF6 (Oct. 14 - 17, 1996, Hokkaido, Japan) (to be published)).

(5') H. Kozima, M. Ohta, M. Nomura and K. Hiroe, "Analysis of Neutron Irradiation Effects in Pd-LiOD (H) System", Cold Fusion (1997) (to be published).

(6) R. Notoya, T. Ohnishi and Y. Noya, "Nuclear Reaction Caused by Electrolysis in Light and Heavy Water Solution" Proc. ICCF6 (October 14 - 17, 1996, Hokkaido, Japan) (to be published).

(6') H. Kozima, M. Ohta, M. Nomura and K. Hiroe, "Nuclear Transmutation in Electrolysis with Porous Ni Cathode and H₂O + K₂CO₃ Electrolyte", Cold Fusion (1997) (to be published).

(7) A. G. Lipson, D. M. Sakov and E. I. Saunin, “Heat Production, Nuclear Ashes and Electrophysical Processes in Hetero-structure PdO/Pd/PdO Saturated with Deuterium by Electrochemical Method" Proc. RCCFNT4 (May 20 - 25, 1996, Sochi, RUSSIA) (to be published); A. G. Lipson, B.F. Lyakov, D. M. Sakov, V.A. Kuznetsov and T.S. Ivanova, “Excess Heat Production and Nuclear Ash in PdO/Pd/PdO Hetero-structure after Electrochemical Saturation with Deuterium” Proc. ICCF6 (Oct. 14 - 17, 1996, Hokkaido, Japan) (to be published).

(7') H. Kozima, M. Nomura, K. Hiroe and M. Ohta, "Explanation of Experimental Data of Gamma Emission obtained in PdO /Pd /PdO /D(H) /Li(K) Hetero-structure" Cold Fusion (1997) (to be published).

(8) H. Kozima, "Trapped Neutron Catalyzed Fusion of Deuterons and Protons in Inhomogeneous Solids", Trans. Fusion Technol. 26, 508 (1994).

(9) H. Kozima, "An Analysis of Experimental Data Using the TNCF Model", Cold Fusion 18, 30 (1996).

(10) H. Kozima, "On the Existence of the Trapped Thermal Neutron in Cold Fusion Materials", Preprint to be published in Proc. ICCF6 (1996); Cold Fusion 20, 7 (1996).